tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44099404665059149452024-02-07T04:28:59.858-08:00Maddie's Ancestor SearchGenealogy Research and HistoryMaddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.comBlogger173125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-12392517977390511992015-08-30T16:28:00.002-07:002015-08-30T16:44:04.360-07:00Hackensack (NJ) Reformed Dutch Church Marriages: Preface<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hackensack Reformed Dutch Church on the village green</td></tr>
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<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-59496421463126933732015-08-30T16:28:00.001-07:002015-08-30T16:28:16.411-07:00Hackensack (NJ) Reformed Dutch Church MarriagesThe initials "y. m." and "y.d." indicate the person was a "jonge man", young man or bachelor, or "jonge dochter", young maiden or spinster; "wid." or "wid'r" indicates the person was a widow or widower; "b.", born at [place name]; and "l.", living at [place name].<br />
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To be continued...Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-25613781384562764312015-07-20T17:17:00.000-07:002015-07-20T17:17:04.302-07:00French and Indian War in PA: Some Militia UnitsCapt. John Hasslet of New Castle County recruited a company on the Delaware River and the roll shows that Chester County contributed at least the following persons to the ranks of this organization:<br /> <br />Peter Allen, enlisted May 7, born in Chester Co., aged 22, and by occupation a saddler.<br /> <br />William Beggs, enlisted May 6, born in Chester Co., aged 40.<br /> <br />James Brieslin, enlisted May 12, born in Chester Co., aged 17.<br /> <br />Edward Gallagher, enlisted May 12, born in Chester Oo., aged 17.<br /> <br />Thomas Harvey, enlisted May 12, born in Chester Co., aged 17.<br /> <br />John McAfee, enlisted May 8, born in Chester Co., aged 21, and by occupation a laborer.<br /> <br />James Thomas, enlisted May 8, born in Chester Co., aged 22, and by occupation a laborer.<br /> <br />Samuel White, enlisted May 10, born in Chester Co., aged 26.<br /><br /><b>Source:</b><br /><br />Penna. Archives, 2d series, Vol. ii, p. 551.<br /><br />===============<br /><br />In the same month and year, Capt. John Singleton enlisted a company of soldiers for Forbes' expedition. The list of that organization shows that the following men were certainly from Chester County and probably the number from this locality was greater than here represented:<br /> <br />William Henry, aged 22, resident of Chester, Pa., drummer.<br /> <br />Samuel Armitage, aged 27, resident of Chester, Pa.<br /> <br />William Bevard, aged 28, resident of Chester, Pa., weaver.<br /> <br />Thomas Callican, aged 20, resident of Chester, Pa.<br /> <br />Thomas Connolly, aged 17, resident of Chester, Pa.<br /> <br />John Cross, aged 25, resident in Chester, Pa., cordwainer, "pock-pitt'd," "stout made."<br /> <br />John Cruthers, aged 16, resident of Chester, Pa.<br /> <br />Hugh Davis, aged 20, resident of Chester, Pa., smith.<br /> <br />William Foster, aged 25, resident of Chester, Pa.<br /> <br />William Kennedy, aged 25, resident of Chester, Pa., weaver.<br /> <br />John Long, aged 24, resident of Chester, Pa.<br /> <br />Edward McSorley, aged 22, resident of Chester, Pa.<br /> <br />Terence Kealy, aged 35, residing in Chester, Pa., "pock-pitt'd."<br /> <br />John Richeson, aged 27, residing in Chester, Pa., "cocke nose and smooth faced."<br /> <br />Patrick Roe, aged 22, residing in Chester, Pa., "bold looking."<br /> <br />John Shannon, aged 23, residing in Chester, Pa., chandler, "Irishman."<br /> <br />Edward Sheppard, aged 21, residing in Chester, Pa., "red hair and thin visaged."<br /> <br />David Way, aged 24, residing in Chester, Pa., tanner.<br /> <br />Coupland David.<br /><br /><b>Source:</b><br /><br />Penna. Archives, 2d series, Vol. ii, p. 553.<br /><br />===============<br /><br />Besides these organizations, there was a company of Pennsylvania Rifles under Capt. West, an elder brother of Benjamin West, the painter....<br /><br />In the same locality a number of men enlisted, and doubtless the whole company recruited by Capt. John Jr. Mather was credited to Chester County, because Mather himself was a resident of the borough of Chester and the following men certainly resided in that neighborhood:<br /><br />John Gorsel, aged 16, of Chester. Pa., enlisted June 8, 1759, laborer.<br /> <br />Evan Jones, aged 38, of Chester, Pa., enlisted May 27, 1759, laborer.<br /> <br />Jacob Kirgan, aged 19, of Chester, Pa., enlisted May 27, 1759, weaver.<br /> <br />Hugh Wallace, aged 17, of Chester, Pa., enlisted June 12, 1759, shoemaker.<br /><br /><br /><b>Source:</b><br /><br />Penna. Archives, 2d series, Vol. ii, p. 588.<br /><br />===============<br /><br />In Capt. Robert Boyd's company appear the following persons who were undoubtedly residents of Chester County:<br /> <br />James Campbell, aged 22, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted June 13, laborer.<br /> <br />James Darragh, aged 20, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted May 11, laborer.<br /> <br />Samuel Fillson, aged 18, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted June 6, tailor.<br /> <br />James Hamilton, aged 21, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted May 21, laborer.<br /> <br />George Matthews, aged 18, resides in Cbester, Pa., enlisted June 2, laborer.<br /> <br />Robert Sandford, aged 23, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted May 25, laborer.<br /> <br />John Small, aged 22, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted May 1, laborer.<br /> <br />John Travers, aged 20, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted May 14, tailor.<br /> <br />John Willson, aged 20, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted May 7, tailor.<br /><br />===============<br /><br />In Capt. James Armstrong's company from Chester County were:<br /> <br />William Moore, aged 17, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted May 9, hatter by trade.<br /> <br />James Parr, aged 16, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted May 9, laborer.<br /><br />===============<br /><br />In Capt. Jacob Richardson's, company, Third Battalion provincial service, under command of Governor William Denny, appears the following:<br /> <br />William Cassiday, aged 21, resides in Chester, Pa., enlisted Aug. 20, carpenter.<br /><br />===============<br /><br />These are all the persons which can absolutely be designated as belonging to Chester County, but the foregoing is but a very small part of the men who enlisted from this locality.<br /><br />*****<br /><br /><u><b>Source:</b></u><br /><br />Ashmead, Henry Graham, "Chapter VI: The Colonial History to the War of the Revolution", History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: L. H. Everts & Co.), 1884; pp. 32, 36-37.<br /><br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-70219075259722423542015-07-20T16:50:00.000-07:002015-07-20T16:51:40.434-07:00Chester County, PA, AssociatorsThe following is the list of the officers of the two Associate Regiments of Chester County in 1747-48. The original spelling has been maintained.<br />
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Colonels, William Moore, Andrew McDowell. <br />
Lieutenant-Colonels, Samuel Flower, John Frew. <br />
Majors, John Mather, John Miller.<br />
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Capt. David Parry.<br />
Capt. Job Rushton.<br />
Lt. Issac Davy. <br />
Lt. Joseph Smith.<br />
Ensign Nathaniel Davies. <br />
Ensign James Dysart.<br />
Capt. Roger Hunt. <br />
Capt. Andrew McDowell.<br />
Lt. Guyon Moore. <br />
Lt. John Cunningham.<br />
Ensign William Littles. <br />
Ensign George McCullough.<br />
Capt. George Ashton. <br />
Capt. John McCall.<br />
Lt. John Culbertson.<br />
Ensign Edward Pearce. <br />
Ensign James Scott.<br />
Capt. William McKnight. <br />
Capt. George Taylor.<br />
Lt. Robert Anderson. <br />
Lt. John Vaugn.<br />
Ensign Samuel Love. <br />
Ensign Robert Awl.<br />
Capt. Moses Dickey. <br />
Capt. James Graham.<br />
Lt. John Boyd. <br />
Lt. William Darlington.<br />
Ensign James Montgomery. <br />
Ensign Francis Gardner.<br />
Capt. Richard Richardson. <br />
Capt. Robert Grace.<br />
Lt. John Cuthbert. <br />
Lt. John Kent.<br />
Ensign John Hambright. <br />
Ensign Jacob Free.<br />
Capt. John Williamson. <br />
Capt. Hugh Kilpatrick. <br />
Lt. James McMakin. <br />
Lt. William Buchanan.<br />
Ensign John Johnson. <br />
Ensign William Cumming.<br />
Capt. John Mathers. <br />
Capt. William Bell.<br />
Lt. James Mathers. <br />
Lt. Robert McMullen.<br />
Ensign Joseph Talbert. <br />
Ensign Rowland Parry.<br />
Capt. James Hunter. <br />
Capt. Joseph Wilson.<br />
Lt. Charles Moore. <br />
Lt. James Cochran.<br />
Ensign Benjamin Weatherby. <br />
Ensign Joseph Parke.<br />
Capt. John Miller. <br />
Capt. Henry Glassford.<br />
Lt. George Bently. <br />
Lt. Robert Allison.<br />
Ensign Thomas Brown. <br />
Ensign John Emmitt.<br />
Capt. William Clinton. <br />
Capt. William Boyd.<br />
Lt. Morris Thomas. <br />
Lt. John Culbertson.<br />
Ensign William Carr. <br />
Ensign John Donald.<br />
Capt. Thomas Hubert, Jr. <br />
Capt. William Reed.<br />
Lt. John Rees. <br />
Lt. Thomas Hope.<br />
Ensign Anthony Richard. <br />
Ensign Thomas Clarke.<br />
Capt. George Leggitt. <br />
Capt. William Porter.<br />
Lt. Thomas Leggitt. <br />
Lt. Robert Mackay.<br />
Ensign Archibald Young. <br />
Ensign John Smith.<br />
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<b>Source:</b><br />
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Penna. Archives, 2d series, Vol. ii., p. 506.Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-30468471983703124972015-06-14T18:06:00.000-07:002015-06-14T18:06:54.889-07:00Early Settlers of Hackensack, NJ Province<br />
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<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-12200372584346497152015-06-14T17:27:00.000-07:002015-06-14T17:27:17.518-07:00Territory of the Five Nations 1650<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-71284728064703909272015-06-01T13:01:00.000-07:002015-06-01T13:01:10.523-07:00Kerr's Creek [Rockbridge Co., VA] Massacre: Part 1<u><b>Guest Post</b></u><br />
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<br />When delving into the mid-1700s, especially on the Virginia
frontier, one becomes accustomed to unanswered questions. People were
too busy trying to survive to keep records. So many times, the
researcher must admit there’s just no way to resolve the unknown.<br />
<br />
But in looking back to the Kerr’s Creek Massacre, more than one crucial
question makes this a puzzle with numerous missing pieces.<br /><br />Historians
in the late 1800s and early 1900s, apparently the first time anyone
thought to confine the legends to paper, couldn’t be certain of the
dates of the two Indian raids.<br /><br />Both the Rev. Samuel Brown
(possibly the son of Mary Moore Brown who spent three years in captivity
after her family was killed in Southwest Virginia) and Rockbridge
County History author Oren Morton disagree.<br /><br />Possible dates are 10
Oct. 1759 for the first raid and Sunday, 17 July 1763, for the second
raid. Or the 1763 date for the first raid and October 1764 or 1765 for
the second raid and/or possibly even a third raid.<br /><br />For everyone,
the 1763 date seems agreeable for the Big Spring massacre story. But
Brown says the McKee family’s tragedy occurred in conjunction with the
big massacre at the spring, while others say the McKee incident came at
the end of the first (or last) raid. Everyone agrees that the Shawnees,
under Chief Cornstalk, invaded Kerr's Creek twice.<br /><br />Looking at
the dates and the scope of action, the Kerr's Creek raids possibly tie
the area with all three wars in the last half of the 1700s--the French
and Indian War (1756–1763); the Pontiac Conspiracy (1760–1763); and the
American Revolution--when the influence of the Kerr's Creek incidents
incited a local militiaman to sneak into a blockhouse and assassinate
the imprisoned Cornstalk in 1777.<br /><br />While I have tried to be
sensitive to the Native American’s part in this story, this was a land
at war in the 1700s. As in all wars, political factions often take
advantage of simple folks on both sides who’d rather live in peace. On
both sides, the forgotten dead are the heroes.<br /><br />So much of what
has been written about that time is from legends told and retold around
supper tables and fireplaces. While the facts may not all be true, the
honor paid to the lives lived and lost create a legacy that reminds us
where we have been and makes us think about who we are.<br />
<br />
<br />
===============<br /><br />
Most of the story is from the <i>Weekender </i>of Lexington, Virginia appearing December 6, 1997. The Weekender story came to me by piecemeal, but I believe that it is complete but may be mixed with another account. I reprint the story with permission of the editor of the <i>Weekender</i>; they did not have a copy of the story from which I could give a complete and accurate reproduction.<br /><br />
Rockbridge County, VA, what I call "God's Country" is a serene area consisting of several small cities and towns with many hamlets scattered here and there. But, it was not always calm and peaceful, for in the early 1700's Rockbridge County was in the budding stages of development and many Indians lived there. The true story of the <b>Kerr's Creek Massacre</b> (pronounced Carr) has been handed down through the generations. Although it's been over two hundred years ago, many folks in Rockbridge County still talk about it as if it happened yesterday.<br /><br />From an entry in the old family Bible of J. T. McKee's grandfather, as follows: His wife Jennie died July l7th, 1763. She was killed in the first invasion. The second visitation of the savages was a little more than. two years after the first, on the tenth of October, 1765.<br /><br />The number of Indians in the first visit was 27, as counted by Robert Irvine, who was on a bluff near the road at the head of the creek. Both invasions were of the Shawnee tribe, who, most of all the savages, harassed the whites. The first band of these blood-thirsty warriors who visited Rockbridge in 1763, I think I have satisfactorily ascertained, were a part of a much larger company who had been on a war expedition against the Cherokees or Catawbas of the South, and were then on their return to their towns north of the Ohio River. They came up byway of the Sweet Springs and Jackson's River. Some knowledge of their approach had been obtained, and they were met by a company of men under the command of Capt. Moffit, at or near the mouth of Falling Spring Valley in Allegheny County.<br /><br />The Indians, who were aware of the approach of the whites, had posted themselves in ambush, behind the comb of a ridge along which Moffit's men were moving, and suddenly their whole force opened fire from their concealed position. The whites were taken by surprise, thrown into confusion and a total defeat followed. A number of men were slain, amongst whom was James Sitlington of Bath County, an uncle of the families of that name, at present living in that county. He was a recent immigrant from Ireland, and was highly esteemed and useful, on account of his intelligence and exemplary life. After the rout, all of the Indians went some miles down Jackson's River, and came up the valley of the Cowpasture.<br /><br />On the plantation owned by Colonel Thomas Sitlington, there lived a black-smith by the name of Daugherty. He and his wife barely made their escape to the mountains with their two children. The house and shop were burned, with all their contents, except a flax hackle, which the Indians took out of the house and laid on a stump. Daugherty removed to the South, and in after years rose to considerable distinction.<br /><br />In one of General Jackson's military reports, he is favorably mentioned as the "Valuable General Daugherty." After the burning of his house, the Indians came up on the river where Old Millboro now stands and where they divided their company, the larger part setting out for the Ohio River, and the smaller one of 27 turning their faces for the destruction of the peaceful settlement or Kerr’s Creek.<br /><br /><br /> * * * * * * *<br /><br /><br /><b><br />When Blood Flowed In Kerr's Creek</b><br /><br /><i>By Deborah Sensabaugh</i><br /><br /><br /><br /><u>Editors note: </u> This is the first of three parts on the early history of the Kerr's Creek area of Rockbridge County which, in the mid 1700s, was the site of two Indian raids that left many early area settlers dead.<br />
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<br />They barred their doors on Kerr's Creek in 1759. What with the howling wolves and the fall leaves crunching into October, the distance between the two and three-room cabins. They primed their flintlocks and latched their shutters, straining at soft footfalls outside. A snuffling bear, a snorting buck, a painted Shawnee brave with ready tomahawk.<br /><br />And they died on Kerr's Creek anyway. War on the frontier showed no favorites, granted no mercy.<br /><br />The talk up and down the settlement had been of war more than crops or new babies or acres cleared. That and the families already moved eastward or south to the Carolinas where the dreaded Ohio River and its tributaries ran red with French and British blood.<br /><br />Trouble began in 1754 when the French crept south from Detroit to Montreal. Already posted along the Mississippi to New Orleans, they had only to secure the trans-Alleghany frontier to form a barrier to all British expansion. Then, using their Indian allies, they could push Britain and her colonists into the sea.<br /><br />Pawns in a game of colonial domination, the naïve Native Americans and the feisty Ulster Scotch-Irish were lured into place. The English had battled the Irish and Scots for years. With an offer of free land on the frontier, the tenacious Scotch-Irish would die defending hearth, home and British land investment.<br /><br />Meanwhile, over peace pipes, cheap trade goods and watered whiskey, the French bought the Indians with promises. Help us destroy the settlements and we’ll return your land. We don’t want to colonize, but to build trading posts.<br /><br />The French and Indian War blazed up and down the frontier.<br /><br />At first, British losses stacked like cord-wood in winter. Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie had sent a young surveyor, George Washington, to warn away the French in what is now western Pennsylvania.<br /><br />In 1754, the French captured a half-finished fort at the Ohio triangle, named it Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh). In July, Washington surrendered his hastily constructed fort called Necessity. A year later, British General Braddock was defeated in the wilderness below Duquesne.<br /><br />But in 1757, the tide turned when William Pitt took charge of the British war effort in the Colonies. For two years, his troops conquered fort by fort across the frontier. In 1759, Wolfe defeated Montcalm. By 1760 the British captured Montreal and by February 1763, the Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.<br /><br />But the treaty wasn’t signed soon enough to save the settlers on Kerr's Creek.<br /><br />When Joseph Tees, founder of Waynesboro, followed the old Indian trail toward the Alleghany Mountains, he and his sons William and Charles paused in a breathtaking valley opening at the foot of a long western ridge. Meandering in a shallow S-curve along a bold creek, the valley contained enough flat land to invite settlement. Later Francis McCown received a patent of 928 acres on Tees Creek. In 1746, he sold parcels to Hugh Martin, Robert Erwin and Samuel Norwood.<br /><br />Other early settlers at the foot of North Mountain were the Gilmores, McKees, Hamiltons and Logans. Three Cunningham brothers arrived with their families – Hugh, James and John. The eldest, Hugh, bought a tract from Benjamin Borden in 1748 near John Carr’s. He called it Big Spring after the numerous springs that gathered into a pond and created an ideal cabin site. In 1762, he sold the land to his son, Jonathan, who had married Mary McKee.<br /><br />In the fall of 1759, the two Telford boys walked home, possibly from school. Their walk turned into a run. Breathless, they told of a naked man they saw hiding behind a tree. No one thought twice about their tale until later. Several weeks passed. The trees topping North Mountain and House Mountain bled down the hillsides in red and gold, as a party of 60 Shawnee warriors followed their chief, Cornstalk, from the Ohio. Winding through the mountains, they split outside the Greenbrier settlements. Acting friendly, the larger band worked their way down the Greenbrier, gaining the settlers’ confidence before attacking and killing most of them.<br /><br />From what is now Millboro in Bath County, 27 of the warriors slipped over Mill Mountain about two miles north of the present Midland Trail near where Interstate 64 now cuts toward Clifton Forge. A pile of stones said to be placed there by Indian warriors through the years marked the mountaintop. The stones were dozed away with the building of 64. Workers hoping to find graves or artifacts under the rock pile were disappointed.<br /><br />Near the head of the creek atop a bluff, Robert Irvine scarcely breathed as he counted the war party on the trail.<br /><br />At the first cabin along the creek at present day Denmark, Charles Daugherty (husband of Rebecca Cunningham) and his family was killed. Next was the Jacob Cunningham cabin. With Cunningham away, his wife was killed, his 10-year old daughter knocked unconscious and scalped. She later came to and survived to face the Indians a second time on Kerr’s Creek.<br /><br />Next came the home of Thomas Gilmore, the elderly Gilmore and his wife were leaving to visit a neighbor when they were killed and scalped. The rest of the Gilmores escaped.<br /><br />Five of the ten members of the Robert Hamilton family next fell victim. By that time, the community was alerted to the danger, with residents scrambling for safety everywhere.<br /><br />Harry Swisher, who owns the old Laird homestead that previously was the McKee farm, says the old log cabin still exists under the clapboards of a renovated 1910 farmhouse. “The logs are huge,” Swisher says, spreading his arms to illustrate early log construction. When he and his family remodeled the old house, they discovered the central log portion. With two rooms up and down, a shallow fireplace and a ladder to a loft, the cabin appeared easily fortified. A small window between the floors allows a view of the hillside behind, and Swisher says from the round top of the hill, the entire valley, with Big Spring, is visible.<br /><br />“I remember my dad saying survivors scrambled up that hill where they could see where the Indians were going. They could hide there,” Swisher says.<br /><br />Since the house is up a hollow where U.S. 60 now comes from Lexington, Swisher believes the old house could be the McKee home spoken of in the raid stories. <br /><br />John and Jane or “Jenny” Logan McKee had six children whom they’d sent to Timber Ridge for safekeeping.<br /><br /> When the alarm sounded through the neighborhood, the McKee’s fled their home (one account says up a wooded hillside in back, agreeing with Swisher’s father’s story). One account says their barking dog gave them away, another said a black servant sounded the alarm with her cries of fright. Mrs. McKee could not run quickly (one account says she expected a child) and John had left the house without his gun.<br /><br />As the Indian pursuit neared the McKee’s, Jenny begged John to run on. “Otherwise, our children will have no parents.”<br /><br />It’s said McKee paused, helping his wife to hide in a sink hole on the Hamilton farm. His parting words were “God bless you, Jinney.” It’s also said as he looked back from his race, he saw the tomahawk fell his wife.<br /><br />With Indians almost close enough to catch him, and encouraged by his wife’s sacrifice, he bounded on.<br /><br />When the Indians gave up chasing him, McKee hid until dark when he returned to find his wife. She lay in the sink hole, having survived long enough to wrap her kerchief around her head wound. He buried her where she lay and wrote her name in the family Bible. John McKee lived to rear his motherless children whose descendants were numerous along Kerr's Creek and in westward expansion.<br /><br />Another account, published in <i>The McKees of Virginia and Kentucky</i>, related John was at a neighbors tending to some sick children. When he returned home, he found his wife killed and scalped.<br /><br />The settlers listed in the cemetery records as killed in the first raid on Oct. 10, 1759, and possibly interred in the McKee Cemetery near Big Spring are: Isaac Cunningham, Jacob Cunningham (son of James and Mattie), the Charles Daugherty family, four of the John Gilmore family, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Gilmore, ----- Gray (no first name listed), five Robert Hamilton family members, James McGee, Alexander McMurty, Robert Ramsay, James Stephenson, Thomas Thompson, Samuel Wilson and John Winyard.<br /><br />Since most accounts stress that no captives were taken on Kerr's Creek during the first raid and many men were killed, perhaps many of the men took a stand while their families escaped.<br /><br />Charles Lewis of the Cowpasture raised three companies of militia (about 150 men). Charles Lewis led one company, John Dickenson and William Christian headed the other two. These three companies of militia went after the Indian warriors. They overtook the tribesmen near the head of Back Creek in Highland County. The Captains decided to attack at three points.<br /><br />Two white scouts were sent ahead as an advance. They were ordered to shoot if the enemy realized the soldiers were nearby. The scouts came upon two braves, one leading a horse, the other holding a buck across the back of the horse. In an attempt to get the upper hand, the scouts fired and Christian’s company charged with a yell. The other companies were still miles behind the advance group. The Indians escaped with very little loss. The militia companies caught up with the Shawnee at Straight Fork, four miles below the present West Virginia line, their campfires revealed their location. About twenty Indians were killed. The booty they were carrying was retaken and sold for $1200.00. Thomas Young was the only white man killed, and Capt. Dickenson was wounded.<br /><br />Source: <i>The Weekender</i>, Lexington, Virginia (December 6, 1997), p. 1, pp. 4-5.<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-47637951655191068332015-06-01T12:19:00.000-07:002015-06-01T13:06:10.671-07:00Kerr's Creek Massacre: Part 2<br />
<b>Death Stalks The Banks Of Kerr's Creek</b><br />
<br />
<b><u>Guest Post </u></b><br />
<br />
<i>By Deborah Sensabaugh</i><br />
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<br />
Nearly 30 years ago, Clarence Tardy decided to clean out Big Spring, make a pond there, get rid of the overgrown marsh, let the many springs flow freely.<br />
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“We moved 30,000 yards of mud,” recalls Tardy. “Know what the workmen brought up? Pieces of big old logs, all black where they had been burned.”<br />
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Tardy saved some of those pieces, all that’s left of the Cunningham cabin the Shawnees burned in 1763.<br />
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As log cabins went on the frontier, Cunningham’s was one of the sturdiest around. Some historians refer to it as a blockhouse, big enough to afford some protection to a number of settlers.<br />
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Tardy surmises it sat near the edge of the spring, not where the brick Federal style house sits now.<br />
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When the Treaty of Paris ended the British and French struggled for Colonial domination, the French pulled out. The British claimed all the territory east of the Mississippi except for some French Caribbean islands. As the French retreated, tribes along the Great Lakes and through the Ohio Valley watched their chances shrivel. The British long advocated colonization and the Indian nations had felt the squeeze. <br />
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Scarcely had the treaty ink dried before a powerful Ottawa chief named Pontiac began uniting the tribes throughout the Ohio. Said to have been instrumental in Braddock’s defeat near the opening of the French and Indian War, Pontiac had become a brilliant strategist who realized that without a united front the Native Americans were doomed. In a short time, he’d recruited from all the tribes from Lake Superior to Mexico. Each tribe in the confederation was to choose its best warriors. In May 1763, the warriors were to attack 14 British garrisons along the frontier. Of those 14, all but four were captured. One of the four was Detroit, Pontiac’s personal goal. That summer, war raged up and down the frontier.<br />
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Once again, the Shawnee Chief Cornstalk was assigned the area he knew well, the eastern Alleghanies, the Cowpasture and Jackson rivers, Botetourt, Kerr's Creek, Augusta. Small forts dotted the frontier from the French and Indian War. A confident Cornstalk knew he could take them all.<br />
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As the warriors gathered supplies and weaponry and set their faces south and east, the Kerr's Creek farmers broke ground for the ’63 season. They’d rebuilt the last cabins burned in 1759. Families stowed empty chairs in lofts or along walls, and realized the frontier belonged to the living. In the little cemetery overlooking the spring, mounded graves sank level with the thick grass. But in many cabins, visions of death and destruction still replayed in the dark, woke children, sent shivers through the stoutest settler.<br />
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June greened the young crops. July scattered fireflies among the trees at the edges of farm clearings. Nights hummed with cicadas.<br />
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Atop North Mountain again, Cornstalk’s warriors lounged beside a spring and watched the comings and goings in the valley. Some historians believe they were waiting reinforcements. The final total of warriors is estimated between 40 and 60. Someone from the settlement saw moccasin tracks in a cornfield and told everyone what he found. Next, a hunter spied the Indian encampment from the top of a hill and rushed to spread the alarm. That’s when the warriors swooped toward Big Spring.<br />
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July 17th, a Sunday, marked special meetings at the Timber Ridge Presbyterian Church. Many of the settlers had traveled there. But other accounts say the special church meeting was at Jonathan Cunningham’s cabin. Still others say the settlers had fled to Cunninghams and were saddling horses and organizing a flight to Timber Ridge where the men carried their guns to church. No one knows for sure, but other than the McKee cabin, which could have been attacked first, the Shawnees seemed intent on the Big Spring farm.<br />
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William Gilmore and another man turned toward the mountains to scout for Indians. Concealed nearby, the Indians shot the two men and swooped upon the nearly 100 men, women and children milling around. Two or three younger men advanced toward the enemy, and lost their lives immediately.<br />
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In one account, when the Shawnees sprang from cover, Mrs. [Alexander] Dale grabbed a stud colt that had never been ridden and swung onto its back. Managing to balance her baby and cling to the horse, she fled the pursuing Indians. Outrunning them, she dropped her baby in a rye field and hid herself in the brush, obviously sending the horse on. Later, she returned and found the baby unharmed in the rye.<br />
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She said the terror-stricken people ran in every direction, trying to hide. The Indians chased first one, then another, killing everyone in their path. Another account says even the cattle were shot, bristling with arrows.<br />
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Mrs. Dale recounts that some people threw up their hands, entreating for mercy. The Shawnees killed most, spared some. Any man resisting was shot immediately. Some whites fled for the spring pond, hiding both in the water and in the weeds along the banks. The warriors found them, killed them and tossed the bodies in the pond.<br />
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Thomas Gilmore had died defending his family. His wife, Jenny [sic: Elizabeth], stood over his body, grappling with a tomahawk-wielding Indian. When a second ran up to kill her, the first threw up his hand, sparing her life for her bravery. She was led off, with her son James, and two daughters, into captivity.<br />
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Before torching the Cunningham cabin, the Shawnees killed Jonathan Cunningham and his wife. Cunningham had a distillery and the Shawnees carried off all the whiskey they could find.<br />
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Margaret Cunningham (Jacob’s daughter), the 10-year old girl who survived scalping in the first raid, was captured along with James, Betsy and Henry Cunningham. One account says when she arrived at the Shawnee town, a warrior brought out a scalp and sat it on her head, communicating that it was her own hair.<br />
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Also taken were Archibald, Mary and Marian Hamilton. Another account, however, says Mary Hamilton was among the dead. When her fiancé John McCown discovered her body, he went into a depression and died two years later of a broken heart. His family buried him beside her on the little hillside in the McKee cemetery. Another account says Mary Hamilton had a baby in her arms when captured. She dropped it in the weeds and, later, when she was ransomed and returned home, she found its bones. <br />
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During the church service at Timber Ridge, rumor was given of trouble at Big Spring, but in an age of slow communications, rumors often were disregarded. When someone else rushed breathlessly into the service and told of the raid, the settlers rushed about gathering family and friends. Many fled into the Blue Ridge Mountains, since no one knew where the Shawnees might hit next.<br />
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One account says the Indians paused for the night at the spring near the head of Kerr's Creek, where they had been camped. There, the prisoners spent the night listening for rescuers. After drinking Cunningham’s whiskey, the war party would have offered little resistance to a rescue party, but the area had been thrown into so much confusion no militia was raised at that time. The next day, William Patton and others ventured to the Big Spring to bury the dead. They were attacked by Indians, but Mrs. Dale said one of the burial party rode up the valley, and a small party of Indians shot at him.<br />
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The Shawnees marched their captives toward the Ohio. Those later returned told of the march, during which one fretful infant was killed and thrown on the shoulders of a girl. She was killed the next day. Another infant was impaled on a spear and left as a threat to pursuers as the captives walked on.<br />
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The afternoon of the massacre, the Indians returned to their camp on North Mountain. They sat around and drank the whiskey they had stolen from Cunningham's still. They became so intoxicated they could have put up little resistance. There was little to fear, [as] most of Rockbridge was in a panic. On the following day, two Indians went back, either to see if they were being followed, or to look for more whiskey. Mrs. Dale saw them shoot at a man as he rode up the valley. The man wheeled his horse and the Indians clapped their hands and shouted. <br />
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At one of the encampments, some of the prisoners found some leaves of a New Testament, and being anxious to preserve them, were drying them at the fire, when one of the Indians snatched them up and threw them in the fire, no doubt thinking they were some communication which they wished to send home. However, a few days later, Jenny Gilmore was asked to sing a hymn. She chose Psalm 137, singing “On Babel’s stream we sat and wept, When Zion we though on, In midst therof we hanged our harps, The willow trees thereon; For then a song requested they, Who did us captive bring, Our spoilers called for mirth, and said A song of Zion sing.”<br />
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Numerous captives from the Cowpasture (Bath and High county areas) were brought as more returning Shawnees swelled their ranks with plunder.<br />
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Years later, the Rev. John D. Shane interviewed Mrs. Jane Stevenson about the Kerr's Creek raids. She told one story of some children on Kerr's Creek who were out picking haws. One child lagged behind. When the others were taken by the Indians, she was not discovered. . .<br />
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Mrs. Stevenson says the raid took about two hours since the Indians had the land “all spied out.” Jane Stevenson lived seven miles from Kerr's Creek and her mother, Jane Warwick, was killed by Indians in 1759.<br />
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She also told of James Milligan, captured at Kerr's Creek. He escaped on Gauley Mountain (now in West Virginia) and said he counted 450 total prisoners from the region.<br />
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Once on the Chillicothe [OH], the Shawnees separated to their villages, with the captive Kerr's Creek families [being] separated as well. Jenny Gilmore and her son John were sent to one village, her two daughters to another. She never saw them again.<br />
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For the Shawnees and Delawares, Pontiac’s war ended when Colonel Bouquet treatied with them on 9 Nov. 1764. In August the next year, Pontiac’s other allies treatied at Oswego, confirming the treaty up and down the frontier in 1766.<br />
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Conditions of the treaty included return of all white captives. Jenny Gilmore had been sold to a French trader at Fort Pitt. She came home. Her son, John, who had been living with the Shawnees, was brought back to Bath County by Jacob Warwick. Eventually John and his mother reunited and moved back to the Gilmore homestead on Gilmore’s Creek, which empties into Kerr's Creek near Big Spring.<br />
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The fate of the other captives and families is not known.<br />
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With the treaty signed, the Delawares moved their villages further west. The American Revolution was around the corner, during which most Delaware tribes sided with the British in a last attempt to regain conquered lands. The Shawnees were among the last to bury the war hatchet with the whites.<br />
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<br />
<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-77716427775937485062015-06-01T12:07:00.000-07:002015-06-01T13:09:02.800-07:00Kerr's Creek Massacre: Part 3<b>Kerr's Creek Carnage May Have Led To The Birth Of Rockbridge County</b><br />
<br />
<b>Guest Post </b><br />
<br />
<i>By Deborah Sensabaugh</i><br />
<br />
<u>Editors note</u>: This is the final part of a look at the early history of the Kerr's Creek area of Rockbridge County which, in the mid-1700s, was the site of two Indian raids that left many early area settlers dead.<br />
<br />
<br />
Big Spring is still a good place for going back. Melancholy in winter, the lapping water gropes like fingers toward the banks where the cabin stood, where the people fell like broken dolls. In the mist you think you see them, and then realize it’s only cedar trees.<br />
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The graves on the hillside, the tales of school children, fear driven to run past the blood fields. Suddenly, the crow calls are the cries of the lost and a warm breeze turns chill across the interstate, cutting east on the Midland Trail.<br />
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In 1777, Kerr's Creek’s past seemed determined to prove the Biblical adage, “Those that live by the sword shall die by the sword.” For the Shawnee sachem Cornstalk, death rode seven bullets from a Kerr's Creek gun, and maybe gave rise to a new county that proved to the frontier she would take care of her own.<br />
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Once the treaty at Oswego (New York) ended the Pontiac Conspiracy in 1765-66, border warfare skipped like wildfire here and there. Kentucky, newly opened for settlement, came under attack, as did Southwest Virginia, the Ohio Valley and the Conococheague Valley in what is now western Maryland. The lack of a concentrated Native American federation, however, made skirmish and guerrilla warfare the norm.<br />
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Then, in 1744, British influence began growing on the frontier. In October, armies under Andrew Lewis (from Lewis settlement, or Staunton, later founding a settlement at Salem) and Charles Lewis (Bath County) marched from Fort Union (present Lewisburg) to Point Pleasant where the Kanawha empties into the Ohio. Other colonial forces, under Virginia Gov. Dunmore (British agent), were to converge from Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh) and squeeze the Indians away from the western Virginia settlements.<br />
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Kerr's Creek’s old archenemy, now a great strategist and chieftain, drew warriors from near and far. Cornstalk was ready to meet the foe with an ace in his headband. Lord Dunmore, unbeknown to the frontier militia, had agreed to stay away from the Point Pleasant rendezvous point.... <br />
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Instead, the Lewis army engaged the enemy, and while the militia finally won the day, more than 70 died. Cornstalk lost 20. Some historians consider this the first battle of the American Revolution, since the British supposedly had conspired with the Indians against the colonists. While that point is debated by many, history indicates the struggle for Indian allegiance progressed rapidly from that point. The British, like the French, knew if they could make enough political promises to the Ohio Valley nations, those warriors would fight the colonists to the death.<br />
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At Point Pleasant, Fort Randolph was constructed and garrisoned as the Revolutionary War loomed over the Transalleghany.<br />
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By 1777, the British had united the Ohio Valley tribes, with the exception of the Shawnees whose overall chief was none other than the Kerr's Creek nemesis. For some reason, however, Cornstalk opposed uniting with the British and warring with the settlers.<br />
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Later, Cornstalk’s sister, known as the Grenadier Squaw, petitioned both Indians and Whites for an end to the war. She often warned settlements of impending Indian attacks, and her contemporaries accepted she was a Christian who had come to believe war was wrong. No one knows whether her brother also had accepted her faith, but in his later years, Cornstalk had an unexplainable change of heart that set him at odds with his entire nation and led to his death.<br />
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When Cornstalk saw even his influence wouldn’t keep the Shawnees from allying with the British, he left for Fort Randolph with Red Hawk (possibly a Delaware) and another Indian.<br />
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Capt. William Arbuckle received the Indians and heeded Cornstalk’s warning that “as the current set so strongly against the colonies, even [the Shawnees] would float with the stream in spite of [Cornstalk’s] endeavors to stem it.” The chief was adamant. The hostilities would begin immediately.<br />
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Arbuckle made two quick decisions. He detained Cornstalk, thinking a hostage wouldn’t hurt possible negotiations. And he told the troops that Virginia’s new government was rising, and that all hell was about to break loose on the frontier. The preceding month, the official cry for volunteers had seen companies raised, reluctantly on the settler’s part, for Fort Randolph.<br />
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Locally, Col. George Skillern led three or four companies. The Botetourt and Augusta militia included men from Kerr's Creek, Collier's Creek and the Buffalo. Locals were under command of Capt. James Hall from the Buffalo. They combined with Capt. John Paxton’s men from Short Hill, rendezvousing at Collierstown on Oct. 7. They marched into Fort Randolph on Nov. 5, and they were spoiling for a fight.<br />
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At Fort Randolph, the volunteers awaited General Hand, who was to march from Fort Pitt with men and supplies for war on the Ohio Valley nations, much as Lord Dunmore had planned three years earlier.<br />
<br />
Imprisoned in comparative comfort in a cabin in Fort Randolph, Cornstalk drew maps and acquainted the officers with all the Ohio country. Cornstalk’s son El-li-nips-i-co, concerned at hearing nothing from his father, arrived at Randolph and moved in.<br />
<br />
Next day, supplies being short, two of Hall’s men crossed the Kanawha to hunt. Their names were Robert Gilmore and Hamilton, and it is likely their families had been in the middle of the Kerr's Creek carnage. After the hunt, Gilmore and Hamilton returned to their canoe on the riverbank when two Indians who had been hiding opened fire. Gilmore fell and was scalped.<br />
<br />
Capt. Arbuckle and Capt. Stuart of the Greenbriar company stood on the opposite bank wondering why the hunters were shooting so close to the fort when they had been commanded not to. At that moment, Hamilton ran down the bank, crying that Gilmore had been killed. Hall’s men immediately sprang into action. Leaping into a canoe, they paddled furiously to Hamilton’s rescue, retrieving both him and Gilmore’s corpse. Even before they landed on the Fort Randolph side of the river, the cry, “Let us go and kill the Indians in the fort” arose. They assumed the warriors on the riverbank had accompanied Cornstalk’s son.<br />
<br />
Hall led his men when Arbuckle and Stuart stepped in front of them, they drove them back with drawn muskets. With Hall were William Roane, Hugh Galbreath, Malcolm McCown and Adam Barnes.<br />
<br />
The interpreter’s wife had recently returned from Indian captivity and had exhibited great respect for the Shawnee chief. She ran to the cabin to warn El-li-nips-i-co and Cornstalk. El-li-nips-i-co denied the Indians on the riverbank had accompanied him.<br />
<br />
Ever the dignified chief Cornstalk reassured El-li-nips-i-co, “My son, the Great Spirit has seen fit that we should die together and has sent you here to that end. It is His will and let us submit; it is all for the best.” Cornstalk then turned to meet Hall and his men. Tall and commanding, the 50-year old chief opened his shirt to present a symbolic target to the soldiers. He was shot seven times and fell without a sound. His son, likewise, accepted his fate with dignity. Red Hawk, hiding himself in a chimney, was found and killed as well.<br />
<br />
It is said Cornstalk had a premonition of his death. Just the day before, he had spoken in a meeting with the officers, “When I was young and went to war, I often thought, each might be my last adventure, and I should return no more. I still lived. Now I am in the midst of you, and if you choose, may kill me. I can die but once. It is alike to me, whether now or hereafter.”<br />
<br />
His Shawnees, upon hearing of his fate, resolved to avenge their chief, and immediately sided with the British. Another bloody war was about to begin on the frontier.<br />
<br />
Within days, General Hand arrived from Pitt but without the troops and supplies. The militia disbanded. The volunteers returned home. But, for Capt. Hall, the return home was bittersweet. He had led the soldiers who killed the perpetrator of the Kerr,s Creek massacres, personally participating in the second. But Hall also had disobeyed the orders of the fort’s commandant and had led his men in the same. He was to be tried far from home, in Fincastle, where the memory of the mutilated bodies on Kerr's Creek fields meant little.<br />
<br />
In October that year, the Virginia legislature granted that Rockbridge County be formed from Botetourt and Augusta lands. On 7 April 1778, the first Rockbridge court was held at Samuel Wallace’s home. Capt. Hall was called for examination. He didn’t show. On April 28th, however, Hall came to court. This time, there were no witnesses for the commonwealth and he was acquitted.<br />
<br />
The Cornstalk incident supposedly took place in November, with Rockbridge being approved as a county in October. But the Philadelphia Record says the whole scheme was to keep Hall’s trial among those who remembered Kerr's Creek firsthand.<br />
<br />
Kerr's Creek, fate and a great Shawnee chief who found wisdom too late became tied in one bundle with ropes of hatred, revenge and a group of men pushed too far in a terrible war.”<br />
<br />
Writers note: In recounting this story, I used several references. I’ve found inaccuracies in some, but when dealing with events in the distant past, accurate records are few. <br />
<br />
<b>Sources: </b><br />
<br />
Withers’s <i>Chronicles of Border Warfare </i><br />
Morten’s <i>Rockbridge County History </i><br />
Strickler’s Roanoke Times, “Death of Indian Had Part In Founding Rockbridge”<br />
Dunlap’s 1936 “Scrapbook” <br />
a 1944 Hart newspaper account (including Rockbridge court records)<br />
Diehl papers from the Washington and Lee Leyburn Library collection<br />
<br />
Source: <i> The Weekender</i>, Lexington, Virginia (December 13, 1997), pp. 1-3.<br />
<br />
Reprinted with the permission of the <i>News-Gazette</i><br />
<br />
<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-61415072855295499012014-02-17T14:22:00.001-08:002014-02-17T14:22:33.313-08:00Jamaica Marriages Before 1680: Part I<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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--From Oliver, Vere Langford, Ed., <i>Caribbeana: Being Miscellaneous Papers Relating to the History, Genealogy, and Topography of the British West Indies,</i> Vol. 1 (London: Mitchell Hughes and Clarke) 1910, pp. 12-17. </div>
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<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-89921932163857189682014-02-14T12:34:00.000-08:002014-02-14T12:34:50.743-08:00Monfoort/Monfort Family: Part III<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-883818890262786752014-02-11T09:42:00.001-08:002014-02-11T09:45:02.191-08:00Monfoort/Monfort Family: Part II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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This is the third generation of the Monfoort/Monfort family.Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-38938758558765122112014-02-06T15:33:00.000-08:002014-02-06T15:37:26.158-08:00Monfoort/Monfort Family: Part I<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
Published in 1876, this lengthy sketch of the Monfoort/Monfort family
traces the family's lineage to five generations. It is not by any means
inclusive and this blogger has found some errors within the original
text.<br />
<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-13879670737042828552014-02-06T14:28:00.000-08:002014-02-06T14:28:24.747-08:00Some Revolutionary War POW's<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJuiuTaZFO5Ef3eptj9gXvqOjqbtzSPirsjrawQ9ox8NjbkVPBIvg4QZkKAsSZLPPRZQ9CtP6SyqVfTWayJSgmfmQKn-DDznMCGs1_pse1uo9mMMR6e4lApzOrkrbQ1bpP0E_ydF_LZIfq/s1600/Rev+War+POW+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJuiuTaZFO5Ef3eptj9gXvqOjqbtzSPirsjrawQ9ox8NjbkVPBIvg4QZkKAsSZLPPRZQ9CtP6SyqVfTWayJSgmfmQKn-DDznMCGs1_pse1uo9mMMR6e4lApzOrkrbQ1bpP0E_ydF_LZIfq/s1600/Rev+War+POW+1.jpg" height="132" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic4R35Uzf-AdI6XlM4sUo4Ny63Iw2j0382NhLWCCFZdIpGFtq7yZXapgEVnVJDOFV3Dsv_9IecGYyJjJITcp1kGMbfnwaUFs3WorPNwjSo3TMezhxxANcMyC5bo0F33g_MAEHQGprEAZ9N/s1600/Rev+War+POW+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic4R35Uzf-AdI6XlM4sUo4Ny63Iw2j0382NhLWCCFZdIpGFtq7yZXapgEVnVJDOFV3Dsv_9IecGYyJjJITcp1kGMbfnwaUFs3WorPNwjSo3TMezhxxANcMyC5bo0F33g_MAEHQGprEAZ9N/s1600/Rev+War+POW+2.jpg" height="320" width="203" /></a></div>
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<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-1195680360936684982014-02-06T14:11:00.000-08:002014-02-06T14:11:51.332-08:00Early Settlers and Some Marriages of Hackensack, NJ<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-30660460037624081282013-11-22T20:28:00.000-08:002013-11-22T20:45:32.229-08:00Fire Lands of Ohio PioneersThe <i>Fire Lands</i> or Sufferers' Lands tract was located at the western end of the Connecticut Western Reserve in what is now Ohio. It took the name "Fire Lands" because it was intended as restitution for residents of the Connecticut towns of Danbury, Fairfield, Greenwich, Groton, New Haven, New London, Norwalk and Ridgefield who had lost their homes in 1779 and 1781 due to fires set by British forces during the American Revolutionary War.<br />
<br />
In 1792, for the Connecticut "Sufferers," the Connecticut legislature set aside 500,000 acres at the western end of the Western Reserve, consisting of nearly all of the present-day counties of Huron County and Erie County, as well as Danbury Township (Marblehead Peninsula), much of Catawba Island Township (now in Ottawa County, OH) and Ruggles Township (now in Ashland County, OH).<br />
<br />
However, very few of the original "Sufferers" ever settled in the Firelands because land-speculators purchased almost all of the original claims for re-sale. On 15 April 1803, the Sufferers, or their heirs, legal agents and purchasers of their deeds formed a corporation to manage the lands to which they were entitled in the newly formed state of Ohio.[1] <br />
<br />
The land was later divided into 30 five-mile square survey townships, which were further subdivided into 120 quarters, each containing 4,000 acres. (Note: Although the standard for U.S. survey townships in the Northwest Territory was six-miles square at that time, the older standard for survey townships in the Western Reserve was employed.) <br />
<br />
Some of the original townships in the Firelands were named for locations in Connecticut; and some were originally named for the land-speculators who had purchased them. But in some cases, the pioneer settlers took a dislike to these speculators and so changed their township names. Later, after the War of 1812, when villages began to be established here, many of these villages were also named for Connecticut villages.<br />
<br />
In 1811, Huron County encompassed the entire Firelands and also included a portion of later Lorain County. Until 1837, all of the "Fire Lands" would lie within--and therefore co-exist with--Huron County. A drawing was held to determine the land received by each individual.<br />
<br />
Below is a list of the members of the Firelands Historical Society of 1865 and 1866. The original lists were published in the <i>Fire Lands Pioneer</i> in March 1865 (pages 84-92) and June 1866 (pages 94-95).<br />
<br />
In addition to the below info, the original lists also show (in many cases) the year in which each member settled in the Firelands, as well as their current residence as of 1865-66, regardless whether their birth year or birth place was not reported (therefore blank info below).<br />
<br />
An asterisk denoted that the person was already deceased as of either 1865 or 1866.<br />
<br />
Original spellings have been retained. <br />
<br />
ADAMS, H. R. [b. 1802]; b. Montville, Ct., 1802.<br />
ADAMS, Geo. Q. [b. 1805]; b. Adams, N. Y., April, 9, 1805,<br />
ADAMS, Henry, [b. 1790]; b. Vermont, Oct. 1790,<br />
ADAMS, John F. [b. 1777]; b. Vermont, 1777,<br />
ADAMS, Philo * [b. 1786]; b. Vermont, Dec. 12, 1786,<br />
ALLEN, William C. [b. 1831]; b. Ulysses, N. Y., Nov. 5, 1831,<br />
ALLING, Pruden [b. 1808]; b. Ballston Spa, N.Y., Nov. 8, '08<br />
AMSDEN, T. G. [b. 1797]; b. Seneca, Ontario Co., N.Y., 1797.<br />
ANDERSON, Geo. J. [b. 1827]; b. Sandusky, O., 1827,<br />
ANDREWS, W. B. [b. ];<br />
ANDREWS, Ebenezer* [b. 1795]; b. Greens-Farm, Ct., Apr. 30, '95,<br />
ANDREWS, Mrs. R. H. [b. ];<br />
ARMSTRONG, S. L. [b. 1838]; b. Norwalk, O., Oct. 17, 1838.<br />
ARNOLD, A. F. [b. 1826]; b. Ballstown, N. Y., May 19, '26<br />
ATHERTON, Samuel [b. 1810]; b. Mass., Nov. 17, 1810,<br />
ATWATER, C. W. * [b. 1800]; b. Milford, Ct., Dec. 13, 1800,<br />
ATWATER, Jeremiah [b. 1830]; b. New York, 1830,<br />
ATWATER, Mary J. [b. 1830]; b. Margaretta, 1830,<br />
AUSTIN, E. L. [b. 1820]; b. Worthington, Mass.,1820.<br />
AUSTIN, Lyman [b. 1815]; b. Windsor,Vt., Mar. 19, '15,<br />
AVERY, Luther [b. 1819]; b. Groton, Ct. , April 30, 1819<br />
<br />
BABCOCK, Smith [b. ];<br />
BADGER, J. F.* [b. ];<br />
BAKER, Geo. G. [b. 1798]; b. Montville, Ct., Dec. 19, 1798,<br />
BAKER, Margaret W.* [b. ];<br />
BAKER, Theodore [b. 1801]; b. Goshen, Mass., 1801,<br />
BAKER, Timothy [b. 1787]; b. Northampton, Mass.. 1787,<br />
BAKER, Daniel A. [b. 1810]; b. Montville, Ct., Sept. 6, 1810,<br />
BARD, Electa E. [b. 1810]; b. Manchester, Conn., 1810,<br />
BARKER, Mrs. D. G. [b. ];<br />
BARKER, D. G. [b. 1802]; b. Temple, N. H., Mar. 17, '02,<br />
BARKER, Zenas W. [b. 1791]; b. Lebanon, N. Y., 1791,<br />
BARNES, Hiram [b. 1820]; b. Madison Co., O., Feb. 1820,<br />
BARNEY, George [b. 1814]; b. Fort Ann, N. Y., 1814,<br />
BARNUM, E. M. [b. 1794]; b. Danbury, Ct.,. Oct. 29, 1794,<br />
BARNUM, Mrs. Betsey [b. 1798]; b. Danbury, Ct., March, 1, 1798,<br />
BARRETT, Eliada [b. 1822]; b. Webster, N. Y., Feb. 25, 1822,<br />
BARTOW, Alvin T. [b. ];<br />
BASCOM, Dennison [b. 1805]; b. Manlius, N. Y., July 25, 1805,<br />
BASCOM, Lydia [b. 1808]; b. Trumbull, O., Dec. 5, 1808,<br />
BEALS, Charles W. [b. 1816 ]; b. Floyd, N. Y., Sept 1, 1816,<br />
BEARDSLEY, Clement [b. 1807 ]; b. Genoa, N. Y., June 30, 1807,<br />
BECKLEY, E. L. [b. ];<br />
BECKWITH, A. C. [b. ]; Elstead, Cheshire Co., N.H.<br />
BEEBE, George [b. 1807]; b. W. Stockbridge, Feb. 8, 1807,<br />
BEEBE, Semantha* [b. 1809]; b. Cincinnatus, N.Y., Dec. 10, 1809<br />
BEEBE, G.S. [b. 1802]; b. Solon. N. Y., May 2, 1802,<br />
BEECHER, Horace [b. 1828]; b. Bridgeport, Ct., Nov. 28, 1828,<br />
BEERS, N. [b. ];<br />
BEMISS, Elijah [b. 1797]; b. Massachusetts, 1797,<br />
BENEDICT, Platt [b. 1775]; b. Danbury, Ct., Mar. 18, 1775,<br />
BENNITT, J. H. [b. 1800]; b. Steuben Co. N. Y. Apr. 23, 1800,<br />
BENSON, Benjamin [b. 1788]; b. N. Y. City, May 16, 1788,<br />
BENSON, Leonard [b. 1800]; b. Marcellus, N. Y., Apr. 12, 1800,<br />
BENTLEY, Herrick P. [b. 1829]; b. Florence, O., June 13, 1829,<br />
BERNARD, Calvin [b. 1805]; b. Massachusetts, 1805,<br />
BETTS, Alfred [b. ];<br />
BEVIER, Abram. [b. 1818]; b. Brown Co., N.Y., May 3, 1818.<br />
BLACKMAN, Joel [b. 1801]; b. Chenango co., [NY], Mar. 13, 1801,<br />
BLY, Rouse [b. 1793]; b. Herkimer Co. N. Y. , July '93,<br />
BOALT, C. L. [b. 1803]; b. NorwaIk, Ct. Nov. 25, 1803,<br />
BODINE, Angeline. [b. 1825]; b. Auburn, N. Y., Feb. 27, 1825,<br />
BODINE, Cornelius. [b. 1817]; b. Sempronius, N.Y., Nov. 1817,<br />
BODWELL, L. M. [b. 1803]; b. Ridgefield, Ct., Sept. 11, '03,<br />
BOUGHTON, Derwin [b. 1826]; b. Eaton, Lorain Co., 1826,<br />
BOWEN, W. T. [b. ];<br />
BOWEN, Pearse [b. 1815]; b. Cayuga Co. N.Y., Sept. 4, 1815,<br />
BRADSHAW, Wm. [b. 1819]; b. Pennsylvania, 1819,<br />
BRADY, David J. [b. 1816]; b. Cayuga Co., N. Y., Aug. 5, 1816,<br />
BRAINARD, John. [b. ];<br />
BRAINERD, Asa Rev. [b. ];<br />
BRANCH, Walter [b. 1792]; b. Meredith, N.Y., Jan. 21, 1792,<br />
BRECKENRIDGE, H. C. [b. 1832]; b. Vermont, April, 14, 1832,<br />
BRECKENRIDGE, Jas. [b. 1791]; b. Charlotte, Vt., Dec. 15, 1791,<br />
BREWBAKER, Andrew [b. ];<br />
BRIGGS, Alexander [b. 1818]; b. Barnard, Vt., Feb. 5, 1818,<br />
BRIGGS, B.C. [b. 1815]; b. Barnard, Vt., 1815,<br />
BRIGGS, David W. * [b. ]; Massachusetts.<br />
BRIGGS, Mrs. Alzina [b. ]; Cayuga, Co. N. Y.<br />
BRIGHTMAN, A. [b. 1818]; b. New York, 1818,<br />
BRONSON, Lorenzo W. [b. ];<br />
BRONSON, S. A. [b. 1807]; b. Waterbury, Conn., 1807,<br />
BROOKS, D. C. [b. 1810]; b. Pompey, N. Y., Feb. 26, 1810,<br />
BROWN, Collins A. [b. 1785]; b. Conn., Aug. 10, 1785,<br />
BROWN, D. F. [b. 1826]; b. Auburn, O., April 13, 1826,<br />
BROWN, Edwin H. [b. 1822]; b. Fairfield, Sept. 18, 1822,<br />
BROWN, Eunice [b. 1788]; b. Cortright, N. Y., June 22, 1788,<br />
BROWN, J. M. [b. ];<br />
BROWN, Leonard [b. ];<br />
BROWN, Orlando [b. 1813]; b. Connecticut, 1813,<br />
BROWN, Sarah [b. 1829]; b. Norwalk, Aug. 12, 1829<br />
BRUNDAGE, Z. [b. 1819]; b. Danby, N. Y. 1819,<br />
BUCK, A. P. [b. ];<br />
BUCK, Daniel [b. 1817]; b. Pena, 1817,<br />
BUCK, Dwight [b. 1806]; b. Geauga Co., [OH], 1806,<br />
BUNCE, Mrs. Olivia J. [b. ];<br />
BUNCE, C. J. [b. 1821]; b. Woodbury, Ct., May 17, 1821,<br />
BURDUE, Nathaniel [b. 1810]; b. Hanover, Pa., Mar. 2, 1810,<br />
BURNHAM, Ellsworth [b. 1800]; b. Hebron, Ct., 1800,<br />
BURNHAM, Maria [b. 1806]; b. Tolland, Ct., 1806,<br />
BURNS, Rev. A. [b. ];<br />
<br />
CABLE, John [b. ];<br />
CABLE, Owen A. [b. 1813]; b. Ridgeville, 1813.<br />
CAMPBELL, J. K. [b. ];<br />
CAMPBELL, Jas. M. [b. 1812]; b. Genoa, N. Y., Nov. 15, 1812.<br />
CARPENTER, Amelia [b. 1838]; b. Bloomingville, 1838,<br />
CARPENTER, Catherine [b. 1807]; b. Hadley, N. Y. 1807,<br />
CARTER, John [b. ];<br />
CARVER, A.R. [b. 1802]; b. New York, 1802.<br />
CHAMBERLAIN, J.D. [b. 1823]; b. New Jersey, 1823.<br />
CHANDLER, J. S. [b. ];<br />
CHAPIN, Samuel D. [b. ]; Somers, Tolland Co., Ct.<br />
CHAPIN, Henry [b. 1781]; b. Hatfield, Mass., Oct. 25, 1781,<br />
CHASE, Mrs. L.U. [b. ];<br />
CHASE, Mrs. L. W. [b. ];<br />
CHERRY, Berrilla [b. ];<br />
CHERRY, John [b. 1798]; b. Genoa, N. Y., March 20, 1798,<br />
CHERRY, Louisa B. [b. 1823]; b. Penfield, N.Y., April 15, 1823.<br />
CHERRY, William* [b. 1793]; b. Elizabethtown, N. J. Oct. 20, '93.<br />
CHOAT, C. B. [b. ];<br />
CLAPP, Dean. [b. 1805]; b. Barnard, Vt., Jan. 15, 1805.<br />
CLARK, Amos [b. 1801]; b. Waterbury, Ct. Dec. 3,1801,<br />
CLARK, Philothe [b. 1800]; b. Ontario Co., N.Y., 1800.<br />
CLOSE, Rev. N. J. [b. ];<br />
COCHRAN, Charles [b. 1816]; b. New Boston, N. H., 1816,<br />
COE, Julius S. [b. 1819]; b. New Haven, O., May 27, 1819,<br />
COIT, A. J. [b. 1821]; b. New London, Ct., 1821.<br />
COIT, Emily A. [b. ]; Chenango, New York.<br />
COLE, Hannah [b. 1804]; b. N. Jersey, Dec. 20, 1804.<br />
COLE, Jacob [b. ]; Carmel, Putnam, co., N.Y.<br />
COLE, Julia A. [b. ];<br />
COLE, Manley K. [b. ];<br />
COLE, Jeremiah [b. 1795]; b. Galway, N. Y., Nov. l0, 1795<br />
COLE, Minor [b. 1803]; b. Fairfield, N.Y., July 26, 1803.<br />
COLEMAN, Betsey [b. 1830]; b. New London, 1830.<br />
COLLINS, Jas. D. [b. 1815]; b. New York, 1815.<br />
CONGER, Enoch Rev., [b. 1792]; b. Bethlehem, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1792,<br />
CONGER, Ester (WEST) [b. 1796]; b. Granville, N. Y. Sept. 4, 1796,<br />
CONVERSE, Charles [b. 1814]; b. New Braintree, Mass. 1814,<br />
CONVERSE, Hannah S. [b. 1827]; b. Danbury, Conn. 1827,<br />
CONVERSE, W. F. [b. 1818]; b. New Braintree, Mass. 1818,<br />
COOK, Wyatt. [b. 1794]; b. Rutland Co., Vt., Feb. 3, 1794.<br />
COOKE, Eleutheros* [b. 1787]; b. Granville, N. Y., Dec. 25, 1787.<br />
COOKE, Mrs. G. A. [b. ];<br />
COOKE, Henry D. [b. 1825]; b. Portland, O., Nov. 23, 1825,<br />
COVILL, Wm. R. [b. ];<br />
CRANE, William H. [b. 1813]; b. N. Haven Co., Ct., May 13, '13<br />
CRAWFORD, Joseph* [b. ];<br />
CUDDEBACH, Jas. J. [b. 1806]; b. Marcellus, N.Y., Jan. 13, 1806.<br />
CULP, Mrs. C. [b. 1790]; b. Maryland, Feb. 1790.<br />
CURTISS, Mrs. J. [b. ];<br />
CURTISS, Norman. [b. 1821]; b. New Haven, [CT], May 12, 1821.<br />
CURTISS, J. C. [b. 1803]; b. Paris, N.Y. June 7, 1803,<br />
CURTISS, J.C. Jr. [b. 1827]; b. Norwalk, [CT], Dec. 31, 1827.<br />
<br />
DANFORTH, Robert S. [b. 1828]; b. Bronson, Oh., Oct. 22, 1828.<br />
DANIELS, George O. [b. 1825]; b. Milan, Ohio, 1825.<br />
DARLING, J. M. [b. 1822]; b. New Haven, Ohio, 1822.<br />
DAVIS, Bartlett [b. 1815]; b. Palmer, Mass., May 14, 1815.<br />
DAVIS, Mrs. M.A. [b. 1824]; b. Owasco, N. Y., Nov. 10, 1824.<br />
DECKER, Simon [b. 1828]; b. Cayuga Co., N. Y., Aug. 23, '28.<br />
DEWEY, John F. [b. 1817]; b. Great Barrington, [CT], Apr. 27, 1817.<br />
DEWITT, James [b. ];<br />
DEWITT, W. L. . [b. 1827]; b. Niles, N. Y., June 3, 1827.<br />
DIMICK, W. B. [b. ];<br />
DOLE, D. [b. 1802]; b. Franklin Co., Mass., Sep.1802.<br />
DOLE, Orrin [b. 1806]; b. Massachusetts, 1806.<br />
DRAKE, Fred. D. [b. ]; Spencer, N.Y.<br />
DRENNAN, Wm. W. [b. 1820]; b. Canton, Stark Co., O., 1820.<br />
<br />
EASTON, Jas. D. [b. 1816]; b. Gorham, N. Y., 1816.<br />
EASTON, Mrs. Sarah [b. 1794]; b. Litchfield, N.Y., June, 3, '94<br />
EATON, A. C. [b. ];<br />
EATON, A. F. [b. ];<br />
EATON, Silva [b. ];<br />
EDDY, Caroline [b. 1819]; b. Euclid, O., 1819.<br />
EDDY, Joseph [b. 1815]; b. Chatham, Ct., 1815.<br />
ELLS, A. G. [b. 1803]; b. N. Haven, Ct., Oct., 1803.<br />
ELLS, Roswell [b. 1813]; b. Harper's Field, Dec. 26, 1813<br />
ELLSWORTH, R. B. [b. ];<br />
<br />
FARR, Lizzie H. [b. 1823]; b. Bath, N. Y., June 18, 1823.<br />
FAY, Appollos* [b. 1798]; b. Barnard, Vt., March 28, 1798.<br />
FELT, Amos [b. 1796]; b. Cavendish, Vt,. April 19, 1796,<br />
FELT, Sophia [b. 1805]; b. DeRuyter, N.Y., March 4, 1805.<br />
FISH, Geo. A. [b. 1814]; b. Augusta, N. Y., 1814.<br />
FISH, Mrs. C.D. [b.1818]; Scipio, N.Y., 1818,<br />
FITCH, O. H. [b. 1815]; b. Salem, Conn., 1815,<br />
FOOT, Samuel [b. 1798]; b. Montgomery Co, N. Y., 1798.<br />
FOOTE, Walter [b. 1799]; b. Sheffield, Mass., Dec. 29, 1799,<br />
FOWLER, Harvey [b. 1797]; b. Westfield, Mass., 1797.<br />
FOWLER, Isaac [b. 1805]; b. N. Guilford, Ct., 1805.<br />
FOWLER, J. N. [b. ]; [of Berlin; came to “Avery” 1810]<br />
FOWLER, Josiah [b. 1800]; b. Westfield, Mass., 1800.<br />
FRENCH, Joseph [b. 1808]; b. Southbury, Ct. Oct. 18, 1808,<br />
FULLER, Levi. [b. ];<br />
FULTON, J. D. [b. ];<br />
<br />
GAGE, Albert [b. 1825]; b. Onondaga Co., N. Y., 1825,<br />
GALE, A. H. [b. 1817]; b. Vermont, 1817,<br />
GALE, Mrs. A. H. [b. 1830]; b. Greenfield, Huron Co., O., 1830,<br />
GARDNER, Richard [b. 1795]; b. Stephentown, N. Y., June 17, 1795,<br />
GARNER, Elizabeth [b. 1811]; b. Lock, N. Y., May 19, 1811,<br />
GARNER, W. N. [b. 1809 ]; b. N. Lisbon, Ct., Dec. 26, 1809,<br />
GATES, S. W. [b. ];<br />
GAULT, Samuel [b. 1811]; b. Cross Creek, Pa., Feb. 9, 1811,<br />
GIBBS, E. F. [b. ];<br />
GIBBS, Elon G. [b. 1819]; b. Northampton N. Y., May 20, 1819<br />
GILBERT, Rodolphus [b. ];<br />
GILSON, A. B. [b. 1828]; b. Norwich, O., April 23, 1828,<br />
GILSON, E.W. [b. 1823]; b. Norwich, O., Jan. 16, 1823,<br />
GILSON, Nabby [b. 1790]; b. Massachusetts, 1790,<br />
GILSON, Naum* [b. 1793]; b. Springfield, Vt., 1793,<br />
GILSON, Sally [b. 1792]; b. Massachusetts, 1792,<br />
GOLDING, John [b. 1800]; b. W. Chester Co., N.Y., June 18, 1800<br />
GOODRICH, George [b. 1799]; b. Simsbury, Ct., June 22, 1799,<br />
GORTON, Richard [b. ];<br />
GRAHAM, Geo. G.. [b. 1802]; b. Pennsylvania, 1802,<br />
GREEN, James [b. 1812]; b. Auburn, N. Y. Oct. 25, 1812,<br />
GREEN, Mared [b. 1811]; b. Glastenburg, Conn., 1811,<br />
GREENFIELD, Abby [b. 1782]; b. Warren, R. I. March. 30, 1782,<br />
GRIFFIN, Henry [b. 1789]; b. Bedford Co. N. Y., Jan. 29, 1789,<br />
GURLEY, N. J. [b. 1817]; b. Westmoreland Co., Pa. 1817,<br />
GURLEY, Wm.D. [b. 1811]; b. Norwich, Conn., 1811,<br />
<br />
HALL, Rev. F. P. [b. ];<br />
HALL, L. S. [b. 1821]; b. Brimfield, O., Mar. 25, 1821,<br />
HALLADAY, Horace [b. 1797]; b. Marlboro, Vt., Oct. 12, 1797,<br />
HAMILTON, Daniel [b. ];<br />
HAMILTON, John [b. 1804]; b. Granville, N.Y., June 30, 1804.<br />
HANFORD, J. E. [b. 1805]; b. Wilton, Ct., Dec. 2, 1805,<br />
HARDY, Ephraim [b. 1786]; b. Bradford, Mass., Sept. 10, 1786,<br />
HARDY, Walter B. [b. 1825]; b. Sempronius, N.Y. Dec. 2, '25,<br />
HARKNESS, L. G. [b. 1801]; b. Salem, Wash'n Co., N.Y. 1801.<br />
HARPER, Rice [b. 1803]; b. Unionville, O.,1803,<br />
HARRIS, Thos. [b. ];<br />
HARRISON, Ruth A. [b. ];<br />
HARTSHORN, Wyatt [b. ];<br />
HARTUPE, Cordelia. [b. ];<br />
HARTUPE, G. H. [b. ];<br />
HARVA, Rachel [b. ];<br />
HASKELL, Mrs. J. [b. 1821]; b. Harbor Creek, Pa., 1821.<br />
HAWLEY, Uriah [b. 178 ]; b. Derby, Ct., July 30, 1787.<br />
HEMINGWAY, Charles [b. 1830]; b. Florida, Mass., 1830<br />
HEMINGWAY, T. B. [b. 1826]; b. Florida, Mass., 1826,<br />
HERRICK, C. S. [b. 1826]; b. Bronson, O., Feb. 6, 1826,<br />
HERRICK, E. W. [b. 1799]; b. Charlestown, N.Y. Jan. 21, '99<br />
HESTER, John S. [b. 1810]; b. Columbiana Co., O., 1810,<br />
HESTER, Martin [b. 1787]; b. Green Co., Pa., 1787,<br />
HESTER, Martin M. [b. 1822]; b. Orange, Ashland Co., [OH], 1822,<br />
HILBISH, John. [b. 1828]; b. Freeburg, Union Co., Pa. 1828.<br />
HILL, E. P. [b. ]; Tioga Co., Penn.,<br />
HILL, G. S. [b. 1821]; b. Berlin, Erie Co,. O., 1821,<br />
HILL, Noah* [b. 1784]; b. Guilford. Ct., 1784,<br />
HOECK, Hervey [b. ];<br />
HOLLISTER, Ashley [b. ];<br />
HOLLOWAY, Ira [b. 1812]; b. Covert, N.Y., Sept. 15, 1812,<br />
HOLTON, Susan S. [b. ];<br />
HOPKINS, Lamira C. [b. 1823]; b. Cambridge, Vt., 1823,<br />
HOPKINS, Moses B. [b. 1820]; b. Clarksfield, Oh., Jan. 16, 1820,<br />
HOSKINS, Charles [b. 1817]; b. Ontario Co., N. Y. 1817,<br />
HOUGH, John [b. ];<br />
HOUSE, Julius [b. 1786]; b. Connecticut, Sept. 30, 1786,<br />
HOUSE, Lindsey [b. 1810]; b. Connecticut, March 23, 1810,<br />
HOWARD, William [b. ];<br />
HOWE, N. G. [b. ];<br />
HOYT, Mrs. A. B. [b. ];<br />
HOYT, A.B. [b. 1802]; b. Danbury. Ct., Nov. 4, 1802,<br />
HOYT, Ichabod B. [b. 1827]; b. Owasco. N.Y., Mar. 31, 1827,<br />
HOYT, J [b. 1782]; b. Norwalk, Ct., July 8, 1782,<br />
HOYT, W. B. [b. ];<br />
HUBBARD, E. A. [b. 1797]; b. Hadley, Mass., 1797,<br />
HUBBELL, Charles [b. 1787]; b. Charlotte, Vt., May 28, 1787,<br />
HUBBELL, Rebecca S. [b. 1795]; b. Borough, Mass., Dec. 26, '95,<br />
HUBBELL, Deodatus* [b. ]; Lanesborough, Mass.,<br />
HULL, J. L. [b. 1822]; b. Pennsylvania, 1822,<br />
HUNT, Hiel [b. ]; Vermont,<br />
HUNTINGTON, A. [b. 1798]; b. Tolland, Ct., 1798,<br />
HURLBUT, Robert W. [b. 1783]; b. Roxbury, Ct., March 22, 1783,<br />
HUSTED, E. E. [b. 1805]; b. Danbury, Ct., Dec. 13, 1805,<br />
HUYCK, William [b. 1804]; b. Tompkins, N.Y., Dec. 1, 1804,<br />
<br />
INGHAM, S. R. [b. ];<br />
<br />
JACKMAN, Sarah F. [b. ];<br />
JACKSON, C. H. [b. 1816]; b. Palmer, Mass., Dec. 12, 1816,<br />
JACKSON, Charles [b. 1822]; b. Lafayette, N.Y.. Mar. 18, 1822,<br />
JACKSON, Martha [b. 1813]; b. Monson, Mass., Dec. 17, 1813,<br />
JACKSON, Tower [b. ]; Vermont,<br />
JAMES, Thomas [b. ];<br />
JARRETT, Henry [b. ];<br />
JENNEY, Obediah, [b. 1794]; b. New Bedford, Mass., Apr. 26, '94,<br />
JENNINGS, Emeline [b. 1804]; b. N. Y. City, July 1, 1804,<br />
JENNINGS, Lorinda [b. 1812]; b. Canada, 1812,<br />
JENNINGS, R. J. [b. ];<br />
JENNINGS, Seth [b. 1795 ]; b. Norwalk, Ct., March 30, 1795,<br />
JOHNSON, Luther [b. ];<br />
JOHNSON, R. C. [b. 1832]; b. Monmouth, N. J., Aug. 31, 1832,<br />
JONES, Levi H. [b. ];<br />
JONES, M. O. [b. ];<br />
JONES, Amos [b. 1805]; b. Otsego Co., N. Y., July 1805,<br />
JONES, Henry C. [b. 1788]; b. Montgomery Co., Md., 1788.<br />
JONES, Mrs. Pelina [b. 1790]; b. Hatfield, Mass., 1790,<br />
JORDAN, Mrs. T. M. [b. 1839 ]; b. Townsend, O., May 28, 1839,<br />
<br />
KEELER, Ami [b. 1797]; b. New Canaan, Ct., May 7, 1797,<br />
KEELER, Eri [b. 1799]; b. New Canaan, Ct., June 5, 1799,<br />
KEELER, Lewis [b. 1794]; b. New Canaan, Ct., June 1, 1794,<br />
KELLOGG, A. F. [b. 1818]; b. Bronson, [OH], 1818,<br />
KELLOGG, Martin [b. 1786]; b. Bethel, Vt., Sept. 21, 1786,<br />
KELLOGG, Polly [b. 1787 ; b. Barnard, Vt., July 12, 1787,<br />
KELLOGG, S. O. [b. ];<br />
KENNAN, Jairus [b. 1813]; b. Moira, N. Y., April 24, 1813,<br />
KENNAN, John [b. 1803]; b. Waterbury, Vt., Mar. 7, 1803,<br />
KENNEDY, Rev. W. S.* [b. ];<br />
KILBURN, L. [b. 1825]; b. Sterling, Mass. Oct. 4, 1825,<br />
KING, Parmelia. [b. ],<br />
KING, W. H. [b. 1809]; b. Burtsville, R.I., 1809.<br />
KING, Joseph [b. 1825]; b. Florence, 1825,<br />
KINGSBURY, Jesse [b. 1818]; b. New York, May 30, 1818,<br />
KNIGHT, George A. [b. 1810]; b. Boston, Mass.,1810,<br />
KNIGHT, J. S. R. [b. ];<br />
KNIGHT, Louisa B. [b. ];<br />
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LABARRIE, John E, [b. ];<br />
LAMPMAN, D. [b. ];<br />
LANE, Ebenezer [b. 1793]; b. Northampton, Mass., 1793.<br />
LAWRENCE, Wilder [b. 1812]; b. Westford, Vt., 1812.<br />
LAWRENCE, Miner [b. 1803]; b. South Salem, N.Y., Mch 8, '03,<br />
LAYLIN, John [b. 1791 ]; b. W. Moreland, N.Y, May 22, 1791,<br />
LEE, Edward [b. 1813 ]; b. Sempronius, N.Y., Aug. 21, 1813<br />
LEE, Sulley [b. 1816 ]; b. Colchester, Vt., Aug. 16, 1816<br />
LEWIS, Deborah S. [b. ];<br />
LEWIS, Rev. C. F. [b. 1818 ]; b. Norwalk, Ohio, June 12, 1818<br />
LEWIS, S. B. [b. 1790 ]; b. New Rochelle, N. Y., 1790.<br />
LEWIS, Samuel [b. 1823 ]; b. Norwalk, O., 1823,<br />
LINDSLEY, S.D. [b. 1838 ]; b. Perkins, [Oh.], Sept. 6, 1838,<br />
LINDSLEY, Mrs. M. [b. 1803 ]; b. Glastenbury, Conn., 1803,<br />
LINDSLEY, W. D. [b. 1812 ]; b. New Haven, Ct., Dec. 25, 1812<br />
LIPSETT, Michael [b. ];<br />
LUM, H. B. [b. ]; Braintrim, Pa.,<br />
LUM, Mrs. L. A.. [b. ]; Skinner, Eddey Co., Pa.,<br />
LUTHER, E. H. [b. ];<br />
LYTLE, I. A. [b. ];<br />
<br />
MANLEY, Alpheus [b. 1809]; b. Vermont, 1809.<br />
MANLEY, Edmond [b. 1838]; b. Deerfield, N.Y., 1838.<br />
MANVIL, Chester [b. 1810]; b. Wallingford,Ct., Nov. 13, 1810<br />
MARKS, Edward [b. ];<br />
MARTIN, Wm. [b. 1829]; b. Rochester, N. Y., 1829.<br />
MCCARTNEY, Wm. [b. ];<br />
MCCLINE, Mary B. [b. ];<br />
MCCORD, J. D. [b. 1832]; b. Bethel, Bond Co., Ill., Oct. 1832<br />
MCDONALD, Samuel B. [b. 1809]; b. Cheshire, Ct., June 4, 1809.<br />
McKELVEY, Electa [b. 1818]; b. Brantford, Up. Can., May 4, 1818<br />
MCKELVEY, John [b. 1835]; b. Plymouth, Ohio, 1835.<br />
MCKELVEY, Mary [b. 1841 ]; b. Hancock Co., Oh., 1841.<br />
MCKELVEY, Wm. [b. 1790 ]; b. Westmoreland Co., Pa., 1790<br />
MCKIM, James. [b. 1792 ]; b. Cumberland Co., N. J., 1792.<br />
MCMILLEN, Hiram [b. 1808]; b. Pompey, N. Y., 1808.<br />
MCMILLEN, Wm. [b. ];<br />
MCMILLEN, Henry. [b. ];<br />
MCMILLEN, Mrs. H. [b. ];<br />
MEAD, Charles H. [b. 1843]; b. Bronson, [OH], June 14, 1843.<br />
MEAD, Joel E.. [b. 1817]; b. South East N. Y., 1817.<br />
MEAD, Marcus E. [b. 1821]; b. New York City, 1821.<br />
MEAD, Mary c. [b. 1818]; b. New York, 1818.<br />
MEAD, Mary L. [b. 1841]; b. Norwalk, [CT], May 4,1841.<br />
MEAD, Paul B. [b. 1816]; b. Genoa N.Y., 1816.<br />
MEARS, John [b. ];<br />
MERRIFIELD, Huldah [b. ]; New York.<br />
MERRIFIELD, O. S. [b. 1828]; b. New London, [CT] Nov. 26, 1828.<br />
MERRIFIELD, S. L. [b. 1836]; b. Ruggles, Feb. 28, 1836.<br />
MERRY, Ebenezer O. [b. 1809]; b. Mentor, Ohio, Feb. 14, 1809.<br />
MERRY, Charlotte. [b. 1780]; b. Tinmouth, Vt., Aug. 17, 1780.<br />
MESNARD, Eri [b. 1798]; b. Norwalk, Ct., Oct. l6, 1798.<br />
MILES, H.B. [b. ];<br />
MILES, Mrs. L. B. [b. ];<br />
MILLER, Harriet L. [b. ];<br />
MILLER, John [b. 1822]; b. Hinsdale, N.H., March 26, 1822<br />
MILLER, John G. Jr.* [b. ];<br />
MILLER, Mrs. E. [b. ];<br />
MILLS, Nathaniel [b. ];<br />
MINER, Asel [b. 1822 ]; b. New London, April, 1822.<br />
MINER, Samuel [b. ];<br />
MINGUS, J. E. [b. 1813]; b. Fayette, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1813.<br />
MINGUS, Lydia Y. [b. 1820]; b. Daryter, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820.<br />
MINKLER, Edgar. [b. ];<br />
MITCHELL, Geo. Oren [b. ];<br />
MITCHELL, Wm. [b. 1799]; b. New York, Jan. 1, 1799.<br />
MOORE, David. [b. 1809]; b. Lehigh Co., Pa., Feb. l, 1809.<br />
MOORE, John. [b. 1792]; b. Long Island, Sept. 1792.<br />
MOREV, Ephraim B. [b. 1798]; b. Stonington, Ct., July 11, 1798.<br />
MOREY, George [b. 1828]; b. Lisbon, Ct., Aug. 10, 1828.<br />
MORFOOT, Robert [b. 1802]; b. Maryland, June 19, 1802.<br />
MORGAN, Fred. W. [b. ];<br />
MORSE, R. [b. ];<br />
MOULTON, H. S. [b. ];<br />
MUNROE, N. C. [b. ];<br />
MURRAY, Nelson [b. 1821]; b. Lyme, [CT], March 13, 1821.<br />
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NEROMAN, Charles E [b. 1820]; b. Greenville, N. Y., June 6, 1820<br />
NEWBERRY, Celia [b. 1812]; b. Mulbury, Vt., Dec. 13, 1812.<br />
NEWTON, Rev. Alfred [b. 1803]; b. Colchester, Ct., Nov. 11, 1803<br />
NILES, D. H.* [b. 1796]; b. Leyden, Mass., 1796,<br />
NILES, John H. [b. 1809]; b. Halifax, Vt., 1809.<br />
NIMS, Joel B. [b. 1815]; b. Shelburn, Mass., 1815.<br />
NIMS, Worthington. [b. 1801]; b. Shelburn, Mass., 1801.<br />
NIVER, C. B. [b. 1807]; b. Orange Co.. N. Y., 1807.<br />
NIVER, Mrs. P. D. [b. 1811]; b. Tompkins Co., N. Y., 1811.<br />
NOBLES, L. H. [b. 1818]; b. Oswego, N.Y. 1818.<br />
NYE, A. [b. 1805]; b. Vermont, Jan. 14,1805.<br />
NYE, M. P. [b. 1805]; b. Vermont, June 14, 1805,<br />
<br />
OMIG, John. [b. 1806]; b. Schuyler Co., Pa., May 1806.<br />
OSBORN, Ebenezer [b. 1801]; b. Windham, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1801<br />
OSBORN, M.W. [b. 1825]; b. Berlin, O., Feb. 10, 1825,<br />
OTIS, F. R. [b. ];<br />
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PALMER, Saml. C. [b. ];<br />
PALMER, Rundle [b. 1786]; b. Greenwich, Ct., 1786,<br />
PARISH, B. F. [b. ];<br />
PARISH, F. D. [b. 1796]; b. Naples, N.Y., 1796,<br />
PARISH, William [b. 1787]; b. Dunbarton, N. H., June 17, '87,<br />
PARKER, E. C. [b. 1799]; b. Brutus, N.Y., July 14, 1799,<br />
PARKER, Geo. V. H. [b. ];<br />
PARKER, Jane [b. 1806]; b. Owasco, N.Y., Feb. 1, 1806,<br />
PARKER, Seth C. [b. 1802]; b. Brutus, N.Y., July 7, 1802,<br />
PARSONS, E. C. [b. 1816]; b. Shurburn, N. Y., Jan. 12, 1816,<br />
PATCHEN, A.` [b. ];<br />
PATTERSON, Geo. S. [b. ];<br />
PEASE, David H. [b. 1826]; b. Somers, Ct., Nov. 9, 1826,<br />
PECK, Philemon R. [b. 1809]; b. Monkston, N.Y., Nov. 12, 1809<br />
PELTON, Allen. [b. ];<br />
PERRY, R. C. [b. ];<br />
PERRY, R.C. [b. ];<br />
PHILIPS, Eunice C. [b. ]; Tolland, Ct.,<br />
PHILIPS, Xenophon [b. ]; Lima, New York,<br />
PHILIPS, Zalmuna [b. ]; Roxbury, Mass.,<br />
PIERCE, A. P.* [b. 1783]; b. Southbury, Ct., April 19, 1783,<br />
PIERCE, Mrs. Polly [b. 1798]; b. April 1, 1798,<br />
PIERCE, Amos [b. 1786]; b. Southbury, Ct., July 6, 1786,<br />
PLATT, Abigail [b. 1806]; b. Gorham, N.Y. Jan. 11, 1806,<br />
PLATT, Levi [b. 1795]; b. Huntington, Ct., Dec. 2, 1795,<br />
POLLOCK, Wm. W [b. ];<br />
POST, A. G. [b. 1796]; b. Durham, N.Y. May 20, 1796,<br />
PRESTON, C.A. [b. 1816]; b. Nashua, N. H., Jan. 22, 1816,<br />
PROUT, A. W. [b. 1811]; b. Truxton, N.Y., March 31, 1811,<br />
PROUT, Mary E. [b. 1818]; b. New Haven, [CT], 1818,<br />
PULVER, Martin [b. 1804]; b. Copake, N.Y., Nov. 27, 1804,<br />
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RADCLIFF, C. C. [b. ];<br />
RADCLIFF, W. K. [b. ];<br />
RANSOM, C. H. [b. ];<br />
RANSOM, Isaac [b. 1814]; b. Tolland Co., Conn., 1814,<br />
RASH, Livey [b. 1796]; b. Massachusetts, 1796,<br />
RAWSON, J. M. [b. 1812]; b. Wardsboro, Vt., July 17, 1812,<br />
RAYMOND, Alanson [b. 1791]; b. Connecticut, Nov. 23, 1791,<br />
RAYMOND, James [b. ];<br />
READ, A. N. Dr. [b. 1816]; b. Tyringham, Mass. Sept. 16, '16,<br />
REDING, Loyal [b. 1810]; b. Monkton, Vt., May 21, 1810,<br />
REED, F. D. [b. 1812]; b. Greenfield, April 25, 1812,<br />
REED, Samuel H. [b. 1802]; b. Middletown, N.Y. June 15,'02,<br />
REYNOLDS, Isaac T. [b. 1805]; b. Newburg, N.Y. 1805,<br />
RICHARDS, John N. [b. 1814 ; b. Herkimer Co., N.Y. 1814,<br />
ROCKWELL, D. S. [b. ];<br />
ROGERS, R. H. [b. ];<br />
ROGERS, Stephen [b. ];<br />
ROGERS, Wm. [b. ];<br />
ROOKS, Ezekiel. [b. 1789]; b. Saratoga Co. , N.J., 1789.<br />
ROSE, Enos [b. 179 ]; b. Poultney, Vt., March 31, 1793,<br />
ROWCLIFF, James. [b. ];<br />
RUGGLES, Eli H. [b. ]; Wilkesbarre, Penn.,<br />
RUGGLES, Julia [b. 1806]; b. Mentor, O., March 4, 1806,<br />
RUSSELL, George [b. 1843]; b. Sandusky, Oct. 20, 1843,<br />
RUST, R. T. [b. ];<br />
RUST, Reuben T. [b. ];<br />
RUST, Reuben T. [b. 1809]; b. Danville, Vt., April 25, 1809,<br />
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SACKETT, Harvey [b. 1791]; b. Warren, Ct., Dec. 24, 1791,<br />
SAFFORD, John. [b. 1830]; b. Perry, Stark Co., O., 1830.<br />
SANDERS, E. L [b. 1799 ]; b. Massachusetts, Sept. 15, 1799<br />
SANDERS, John [b. ];<br />
SANDERSON, James M. [b. 1817]; b. Woodstock, Vt., 1817,<br />
SAVAGE, Eliza W. [b. 1812]; b. Columbiana Co. , O., 1812.<br />
SAWYER, Frank [b. 1821]; b. Auburn O., Ju1y 13, 1821.<br />
SCHUYLER, P. N. [b. 1819]; b. Minnisink, N. Y., Sept. 6, 1819,<br />
SEARLES, E. G. [b. ];<br />
SEARS, Frederick [b. 1799]; b. Venice, N. Y., Sept. 25, 1799.<br />
SEED, Esther W. [b. 1831]; b. Sherman, Dec. 5, 1831.<br />
SEGUR, A. R. [b. ]; Danbury, Ct.,<br />
SEGUR, A. W. [b. ]; Danbury,,Ct.,<br />
SELOVER, Isaac M. [b. ];<br />
SEVERANCE, Ralph A. [b. 1803]; b. Greenfield, Mass., Jan. 1803.<br />
SEXTON, Miron [b. 1803]; b. Somers, Ct., June 1, 1803,<br />
SEXTON, Platt [b. 1798]; b. Manchester, Vt., Feb. 17, '98,<br />
SEYMOUR, John [b. 1791]; b. Berlin, Ct., July 27, 1791,<br />
SEYMOUR, Hart. [b. 1798]; b. Otsego, N. Y., June 18, 1798.<br />
SHERATT, Jacob. [b. ];<br />
SHERMAN, Edward [b. ];<br />
SHERMAN, Elizabeth [b. 1793]; b. N. Durham Ct., Dec. 10, 1793.<br />
SHERMAN, Justin [b. 1785]; b. Newtown, Ct., July 20, 1785,<br />
SHERMAN, Lemuel [b. 1811]; b. Barre Vt., Sept. 29, 1811,<br />
SHERMAN, Mrs. E. [b. 1822]; b. Montville, Ct., 1822.<br />
SHERMAN, N. G. [b. 1810]; b. Woodbury, Ct., Aug. 28, 1810.<br />
SHERMAN, Peter [b. 1794]; b. Woodbury, Ct., 1794.<br />
SHOURD, Daniel [b. ];<br />
SILCOX, Jonathan [b. 1828]; b. Lock, N. Y. April 14, 1828,<br />
SILCOX, Amos H. [b. 1813]; b. Lansing, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1813.<br />
SIMMONS, Ann Ide [b. 1800]; b. Attleborough, Mass., 1800,<br />
SIMMONS, C. B. [b. 1806]; b. Tompkins, N.Y., Aug. 2, 1806,<br />
SIMMONS, Fredus [b. 1823]; b. Ashland, [O.], May 25, 1823<br />
SIMMONS, H. E. [b. 1799]; b. Reheboth, Mass., Dec. 14, 1799<br />
SIMMONS, Aura K. [b. 1821]; b. Ashland, O., 1821.<br />
SIMPSON, Jacob* [b. ];<br />
SKELLENGER, A. D. [b. 1823]; b. Genoa, N. Y., June 23, 1823.<br />
SLOAN, John N. [b. 1795]; b. Smithfield, N. Y. 1795,<br />
SMITH, Benjamin P. [b. 1791]; b. Waterford, Ct., Ju1y 17, 1791,<br />
SMITH, Charles [b. ];<br />
SMITH, Chester [b. 1794]; b. Westmoreland, N.Y., Aug. 1794<br />
SMITH, D. W. [b. ];<br />
SMITH, Eugene [b. ];<br />
SMITH, Ezra* [b. 1802]; b. New Hampshire, Jan. 1802,<br />
SMITH, F. F.* [b. ];<br />
SMITH, Fanny [b. 1785]; b. Hartland, Ct., Dec. 3, 1785,<br />
SMITH, G.W. [b. 1819]; b. Sempronius, N. Y., 1819,<br />
SMITH, Hiram [b. 1816]; b. Greenfield, [MA], Nov. 21,1816.<br />
SMITH, Isaac [b. 1795]; b. New Milford, Ct., May 12, 1795<br />
SMITH, James [b. 1787]; b. Connecticut, 1787,<br />
SMITH, James B. [b. ];<br />
SMITH, James F. [b. ];<br />
SMITH, Lester [b. 1810]; b. Vernon, O., Nov. 21, 1810.<br />
SMITH, Mrs. A. G. [b. 1807]; b. State of N. Y., 1807,<br />
SMITH, P. G.* [b. ];<br />
SMITH, Polly R. [b. 1820]; b. Solon, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1820.<br />
SMITH, Robert [b. 1828]; b. Pennsylvania, April 1, 1828.<br />
SMITH, S. A. [b. 1814]; b. New York, 1814,<br />
SMITH, Samuel D. [b. ];<br />
SMITH, Wm. B. [b. 1796]; b. Long Island, N. Y. 1796,<br />
SMITH, Benj. P. Jr., [b. 1819]; b. Darien, Ga., March 15, 1819,<br />
SMITH, Caroline [b. ];<br />
SMITH, D. H. [b. ];<br />
SMITH, Dwight [b. 1842]; b. Michigan, 1842.<br />
SMITH, James F. [b. 1809]; b. State of N. Y., May 1, 1809.<br />
SMITH, Rev. H. [b. ];<br />
SMITH, S. H. [b. 1806]; b. Knox Co., O., 1806.<br />
SMITH, Sherman [b. 1796]; b. Connecticut, 1796.<br />
SMITH, W. A. [b. 1839]; b. N. Fairfield, O., Mar. 14, 1839.<br />
SMITH, John C. [b. 1821]; b. Cayuga Co., N. Y., 1821.<br />
SNYDER, W. T. [b. 1835]; b. Milan, O., Feb. 3, 1835<br />
SOWERS, John [b. ];<br />
SPENCER, Hiram [b. ];<br />
SPRAGUE, J. S.* [b. 1796]; b. Upper Canada, 1796.<br />
SPRAGUE, Simeon H. [b. ];<br />
SQUIRE, Douglass [b. ];<br />
STANDART, Stephen W. [b. 1817]; b. Clarence. N. Y., Sept. 10, 1817.<br />
STANDART, Charles [b. 1802]; b. N Hartford, N.Y., May 30, 1802<br />
STANDART, Chas. [b. ];<br />
STARR, Hiram P. [b. 1822 ]; b. Birmingham, [Oh.]. Oct. 10, 1822,<br />
STARR, Caroline A. [b. ];<br />
STARR, D. Ann [b. 1816]; b. Danbury, Ct., 1816.<br />
STARR, Rory [b. 1810 ]; b. Danbury, Ct., 1810.<br />
STEBBINS, Jarvis [b. 1804]; b. Greenfield, Mass., July 9, 1804<br />
STEBBINS, Alfred. [b. 1810]; b. Franklin Co., Mass., 1810.<br />
STEVENS, Jacob [b. ];<br />
STEVENS, John [b. ];<br />
STEVENS, Seymour* [b. ];<br />
STEWART, Gideon T. [b. 1824]; b. Johnstown, N.Y., Aug. 13, '24,<br />
STEWART, A. G. [b. 1828]; b. Dundaff, Pa., Nov. 27, 1828,<br />
STEWART, E. [b. 1795]; b. New London, Ct., July 28, 1795<br />
STILES, Benjamin [b. 1779]; b. Southbury, Ct., Sept. 1, 1779.<br />
STILLSON. Orrin [b. 1815]; b. New Town Ct., Jan. 11, 1815,<br />
STORRS, Elisha [b. ];<br />
STRATTON, Daniel [b. 1794]; b. Washington Co., Pa., June 14, 1794,<br />
STRATTON, Thomas [b. 1821]; b. Norwalk, O., July 26, 1821.<br />
STRONG, Cyrus [b. 1796]; b. Woodbury Ct., Sept. 18, 1796,<br />
STRONG, L. E. [b. 1802]; b. Manlius. N.Y., June 19, 1802,<br />
STRONG, Lyman [b. 1802]; b. Homer, N. Y., Oct. 18, 1802.<br />
STRONG, Zadock* [b. ];<br />
STRONG, Asahel. [b. ];<br />
STRONG, Curtis. [b. ];<br />
STRONG, L. E. [b. 1802]; b. Manlius, N. Y., 1802.<br />
STURGESS, Jane C. [b. 1804]; b. New York, May 10, 1804.<br />
STURTEVANT, B. [b. 1786]; b. Warren, Ct., March 16, 1786,<br />
SUMMERLIN, Sarah P. [b. 1830]; b. Peru, [Oh.], Jan. 1, 1830,<br />
SUMMERLIN, Spencer [b. 1828]; b. Bronson, [Oh.], May 27, 1828.<br />
SUMMERS, Benjamin [b. 1801]; b. Middletown, N.Y. May 21, 1801<br />
SUMMERS, Julia B. [b. ];<br />
SUTTON, Jacob [b. 1816]; b. Knox Co., Oh., April 4, 1816,<br />
SUTTON, Levi R. [b. 1794]; b. Fayette Co., Pa. Sept. 7, 1794,<br />
SWEET, Byron [b. ];<br />
SWIFT, Jos. [b. ];<br />
<br />
TAYLOR, Alfred [b. ];<br />
TAYLOR, B. B. [b. 1821]; b. Bronson, [OH], July 5, 1821.<br />
TAYLOR, D. G. [b. ];<br />
TAYLOR, Elery [b. 1808]; b. Glastenbury, Conn., 1808.<br />
TAYLOR, Mary Ann [b. 1811]; b. Glastenbury, Conn, 1811.<br />
TAYLOR, Mrs. Julia [b. ];<br />
TAYLOR, S.F. [b. ];<br />
TAYLOR, T.B. [b. ];<br />
TAYLOR, Wm. P. [b. 1811]; b. Hardwicke, N.Y., Mar. 11, 1811<br />
TAYLOR, Wm. [b. 1832 ]; b. Greenfield, Huron Co., [OH], 1832.<br />
TENANT, Betsey [b. ]; Long Island, N. Y.<br />
TENANT, Daniel W. [b. 1803]; b. Colchester, Ct., 1803.<br />
TENANT, Sterling O. [b. 1807]; b. Colchester, Ct.,1807.<br />
THORP, James Rev. [b. 179?]; b. Solsbury [?Salisbury?], N. Y., Oct. 8, 1797.<br />
THORP, John [b. 1828]; b. Allegheny Co., N.Y., July 1828<br />
TILDEN, Daniel [b. 1788]; b. Lebanon, Mass., 1788.<br />
TILLINGHAST, George [b. 1803]; b. Rhode Island, 1803.<br />
TILLINGHAST, Wm. [b. ];<br />
TILLSON, Alonzo [b. ]; Winfield, N. Y.<br />
TODD, Isaac [b. 1808]; b. Newtown, Ct., Dec. 18, 1808.<br />
TODD, Kneeland [b. ];<br />
TOMLINSON, Lucius [b. 1793]; b. Huntington, Ct., April 18, 1793<br />
TOWN, J. E. [b. ];<br />
TOWNSEND, Hosea [b. 1794]; b. Greenbush, N.Y., May 25, 1794<br />
TOWNSEND, John [b. 1824]; b. New London, O., July 22, 1824<br />
TOWNSEND, L. [b. 1812]; b. Shazar, N. Y., 1812.<br />
TRIMMER, James R. [b. 1808]; b. Washington Co., Pa., Nov. 1808<br />
TRIMMER, Mrs. L. E. [b. 1815]; b. Leverett, Mass.,1815.<br />
TUCKER, J. A. [b. 1819]; b. Windham, Portage O., 1819.<br />
TUTTLE, Hudson [b. 1816]; b. Berlin, Erie Co., O., 1816.<br />
TUTTLE, Mrs. E. DR. [b. 1838]; b. Braceville, O., 1838.<br />
<br />
UNDERHILL, Isaac [b. 1805]; b. Herkimer, N.Y., Jan. 13, 1805,<br />
<br />
VAIL, David. [b. ];<br />
VANFLEET, Daniel [b. ];<br />
<br />
WADSWORTH, L. [b. 1787]; b. Orange Co., NY., March 6, 1787<br />
WAGGONER, Clark [b. 1820]; b. Milan, Sept. 6, 1820,<br />
WAGGONER, Lucretia [b. 1787]; b. Massachusetts, Apr. 1, 1787<br />
WALDRON, E. J. [b. 1804]; b. Bristol, N.Y. March 24, 1804,<br />
WALDRON, Emily [b. 1808]; b. Marcellus, N. Y., 1808,<br />
WALKER, Betsey [b. 1806]; b. Middletown, July 3, 1806,<br />
WALKER, Geo. R [b. 1828]; b. Sandusky City, Sept. 14, '28<br />
WALKER, Samuel [b. 1793]; b. Litchfield, N. Y. 1793,<br />
WALKER, Rev. Jas. B. [b. ];<br />
WARD, Jonathan [b. 1801]; b. Sangerfield, N. Y., 1801,<br />
WARNER, E. Y. [b. 1833]; b. Wayne Co., O., 1833.<br />
WASHBURN, Amasa [b. 1798]; b. May 21, 1798<br />
WASHBURN, Amason [b. 1789]; b. Newtown, Ct., May 21, 1789,<br />
WASHBURN, Geo. [b. 1827]; b. Fitchville [Oh.], 1827,<br />
WASHBURN, Wallace [b. ];,<br />
WEBB, David [b. ];<br />
WEDGE, H. D. [b. 1823]; b. Lehman, Pa.. 1823,<br />
WEEDEN, John* [b. 1795]; b. Newport, R. I., Apri1 15, 1795<br />
WEEKS, Ella [b. 1838]; b. Newark, O., 1838,<br />
WEEKS, Robert E. [b. ];<br />
WELCH, Caleb [b. ];<br />
WELFORD, Hannah [b. ];<br />
WELLS, Philo [b. 1786]; b. Huntington, Ct., Sept. 10, 1786<br />
WEST, W. G. [b. ];<br />
WHEATON, S. W. [b. 1807]; b. Broome Co., N.Y., 1807,<br />
WHEELER, Asa [b. ];<br />
WHEELER, Calvin [b. ];<br />
WHEELER, Huldah [b. 1791]; b. Danbury, Ct., July 18, 1791,<br />
WHEELER, John [b. 1787]; b. Reheboth, Mass.. Sept. 6, 1787<br />
WHEELER, John H. [b. 1812]; b. Richmond, N.Y., March 30, '12.<br />
WHITE, Ebenezer [b. 1822]; b. Hatfield, Mass., Aug. 5, 1822<br />
WHITE, John [b. ];<br />
WHITE, S. M. [b. 1808]; b. Stonington, Ct., 1808,<br />
WHITE, Thomas [b. ];<br />
WHITFORD, William [b. ];<br />
WHITMAN, J. J. [b. ];<br />
WHITTEN, Alvin [b. 1807]; b. Sempronius, NY., Sept. 12, '07<br />
WICKHAM, C. P. [b. 1836]; b. Norwalk [Oh.], Sep. 15, 1836,<br />
WICKHAM, Fredrick [b. 1812]; b. New York City, March 11, '12,<br />
WICKHAM, Lucy B. [b. 1814]; b. Nashua, N. H., 1814.<br />
WILDMAN, A. H. [b. ];<br />
WILLARD, C. A. [b. 1832]; b. Albany, N. Y., Oct. 20, 1832.<br />
WILLIAMS, David, [b. 1810]; b. Center Co., Pa., 1810.<br />
WILLIAMS, Mrs. Eliza. [b. 1817]; b. North-East Pa., Jan. 1, 1817.<br />
WILSON, Esther [b. ];<br />
WILSON, Isaac M. [b. 1799]; b. Stoystown, Pa., Mar. 10, 1799,<br />
WILSON, James* [b. 1792]; b. Woodbury, Ct., Sept. 22, 1792<br />
WILSON, Levi. [b. ];<br />
WILSON, Lucy. [b. ];<br />
WILSON. H. L. [b. ];<br />
WOOD, David [b. 1799]; b. Cayuga Co., N. Y., 1799,<br />
WOOD, Ezra [b. 1791]; b. Danbury Ct., Aug. 14, 1791,<br />
WOOD, Nancy [b. 1797]; b. Carmel, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1797,<br />
WOODEN, J. [b. ];<br />
WOODRUFF, Chancey [b. 1820]; b. Norwich, O., 1820.<br />
WOODRUFF, Geo. H. [b. 1795]; b. Connecticut, 1795,<br />
WOODWORTH, E. C. [b. 1830]; b. Truningburg, N.Y., 1830.<br />
WOOLSON, J. K. [b. ];<br />
WORCESTER, Saml. T. [b. 1804]; b. Hollis, N. H., Aug. 30, 1804,<br />
WRIGHT, Benjamin [b. ];<br />
WRIGHT, Frank [b. ];<br />
WRIGHT, J. A. [b. 1803]; b. Colerain, Mass., 1803,<br />
<br />
YORK, Abraham. [b. 1818]; b. N. Haven, Huron Co., O., 1818.<br />
YOUNG, J. L. [b. ];<br />
YOUNG, James. [b. ].<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
Minor editing of punctuation and place names has been done by Madehlinne.<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
Sources:<br />
<br />
1. Chase, Salmon P., ed. (1833). "Chap. XX-An act to incorporate the owners and proprietors of 500,000 acres (2,000 km 2) of land lying south of lake Erie, in the county of Trumbull". The statutes of Ohio and of the Northwestern territory, adopted or enacted from 1788 to 1833 inclusive… 1. (Cincinnati, Ohio: Corey & Fairbank.) pp. 372–374.<br />
<br />
Carpenter, Helen M., "The Origin and Location of the Firelands of the Western Reserve".<i> Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly</i> XLIV: 162–203 (1935).<br />
<br />
<i>The Fire Lands Pioneer</i>, The Firelands Historical Society. 1858-Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-6251061281926517222013-10-23T12:55:00.001-07:002013-10-23T12:59:19.138-07:00Arms for the CaliforniansFrom the <i>Columbia Missouri Statesman </i><br />Columbia, Boone Co., MO<br />published March 8, 1850<br /><br /><br /><br />"On the 14th March 1849, the Secretary of War caused to be published the following notice, which is of interest to California emigrants:<br /><br /><i>"War Department, March 14, 1849<br /><br />"The following regulations will govern in issuing arms and ammunition, under the resolution of Congress, approved March 2, 1849:<br /><br />"1. Each applicant must send to the War Department an affidavit that it is his bona fide intention to emigrate to Oregon, or California, or New Mexico, as the case may be, and must state distinctly what arms and ammunition he requires.<br /><br />"2. On receipt of an application and affidavit, as above stated, a sufficient supply of the arms and ammunition designated by him, to arm and equip each applicant, may be delivered to him or his order, on payment of the cost thereof; provided the Government has such arms, and the same can be sold without detriment to the public service; and if not, then the applicant may receive such other arms and ammunition as he shall select, on the same conditions.<br /><br />"3. Arms and ammunition, furnished as above, will be delivered to each applicant, or to his authorized agent, at the nearest and most convenient arsenal where the arms may be. The place of delivery desired by the applicant, should be designated." </i><br /><br />"These regulations, we presume, are still in force. At all events we have no knowledge of their repeal.<br /><br />"Last spring Maj. Wm. Bell, the officer in command at the Arsenal near St. Louis, was authorized to issue arms and ammunition, the above requirements being first complied with by the applicant. We suppose the same officer has the same authority now."<br /><br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-81723984649578478452013-10-23T12:43:00.000-07:002013-10-23T12:43:49.703-07:00News to CaliforniansFrom the <i>Columbia Missouri Statesman</i><br />
Columbia, Boone Co., MO<br />
published March 8, 1850<br />
<br />
"We propose furnishing news from Missouri to the miners in California. Our ability to do so has been demonstrated, and this too during a period of great embarrassment and difficulty in mail transportation. These difficulties, heretofore occasioning delays and failures of the California mails, are now vanishing. Agents have been put upon the line between New York and Chagres [once the chief Atlantic port on the isthmus of Panama--ed. note], to see that mail matter goes forward; and doubtless, the same regulation will exist in a short time between New Orleans and Chagres. The connection then will be unbroken and reliable. The evils complained of at the Isthmus are also effectually remedied.<br />
<br />
"Capt. McLean, U.S. Mail Agent for the Pacific mail service, has announced that henceforward there will neither be obstructions nor delays in the transmission of the mail across the Isthmus. Mail service for the interior of California is also in process of improvement. Hence news papers mailed her for subscribers at San Francisco, Sacramento City, Stockton, San Jose, Coloma and other points, whether on the coast or in the interior, may be expected to reach their destination with reasonable certainty.<br />
<br />
"What Missourian, and especially what resident of Boone or the counties adjacent, two thousand miles away delving for gold in the valley of the Sacramento or the San Joaquin, can estimate the value of a newspaper received weekly from home?<br />
<br />
"Friends write but seldom while the paper is mailed to them weekly. Another important consideration is, that even when friends do write they cannot if they would give the intelligence a paper contains. Single letters cost 40 cents postage each, while the paper containing more news than twenty letters will [sic] coast but three or four cents.<br />
<br />
"That the Statesman reached California during the past year, and with reasonable regularity, is abundantly shown by Mr. Russell’s letter published last week. No fears need be entertained on that point. Many who propose emigrating this spring have already sent in their names. Those who leave families behind them have ordered two copies---one for their families at home and one for themselves in the mines; for remember, we will give news from California as well as to California. We suggest to out-going emigrants that one copy of the paper to each mess, although infinitely better than none, is not the best arrangement.<br />
<br />
"In nine cases out of ten, messes are disbanded on reaching the mines and the members scatter all over the country. Each man therefore who wants the news had best make sure work of it by subscribing for it "on his own book,” A copy to each man---that’s the doctrine!<br />
<br />
"California emigrants throughout the State, who wish to hear from home every week, are invited to send in their names to us, or to either of our agents in the prospective counties, stating the post office in California to which they desire their papers sent.<br />
<br />
"Other citizens remaining at home, and wishing to hear the latest news from California and all other quarters, are also invited to become subscribers, for a “good time is coming.”<br />
<br />
"To Californians----John S. Jones, of Georgetown, Mo., gives notice that he will furnish provisions and ammunitions to eighty teamsters, for their services across the land route by Fort Hall, to California, and give them one month’s provision after they are discharged in the gold diggings; They are to be discharged as soon as they get there. Their services to commence on the 25th of April, or sooner if the grass will permit."<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-22081538262414709712013-10-23T12:17:00.001-07:002013-10-23T12:45:02.438-07:00Boone County (MO) Californians<span style="font-family: times new roman,times; font-size: small;">[The
only changes I have made to this list is to append the term (Dr.) to
the end of the person's name rather than at its beginning and to
re-alphabetize a stray name or two.] </span><br />
<br />
From the <i>Columbia Missouri Statesman </i><br />
Columbia, Boone Co., MO <br />
published March 8, 1850<br />
<br />
<br />
"We are endeavoring to prepare a full list in alphabetical order of the emigrants who will go to California from Boone County this spring. As yet the list is incomplete, and we would esteem it a favor were our friends to aid us in supplying the deficiencies. Such as are not reported in the list now published will please call either at our office, or at Crow & Jackman’s, Rocheport [Boone Co., MO], or at Sidney Maupin’s, Buena Vista [CA], and leave their own names and those of their messes and neighbors.<br />
<br />
<b>A</b><br />
<br />
H. C. Anderson<br />
James Austin (Dr.)<br />
John M. Angel<br />
John Armstrong<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>B</b><br />
<br />
Samuel W. Berry<br />
Mac Brink<br />
William T. Berry<br />
Thomas Barns<br />
Benjamin Barns<br />
Hubbard Barns<br />
George Bradford<br />
James Boyce<br />
Stephen Bedford Jr.<br />
W. C. Bugg<br />
James H. Bennett (Dr.)<br />
George Bright<br />
R. E. Bondurant<br />
William H. Booker<br />
Jessee Bugg<br />
Franklin Burnett<br />
John M. Black<br />
Madison Bradley<br />
J. L. Buster (Dr.)<br />
Lee Burruss<br />
Nimrod Bishop<br />
John Barkwell<br />
John Baley (Dr.)<br />
Robert Baley<br />
William Breyman<br />
Joseph G. Berry<br />
John Bysfield<br />
William Beazley<br />
Jefferson Bentley<br />
Elijah Brink<br />
Lawrence Bass<br />
Albert Barnett<br />
John Booth<br />
Peter Booth<br />
Carr Booth<br />
James Benedict<br />
Greenbery Baker<br />
L. G. Berry<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>C</b><br />
<br />
T. H. Cox<br />
Montgomery Cowden<br />
Richard Carter<br />
W. Carter<br />
Mac Culbert<br />
John Carlisle<br />
William Clarkson<br />
John Clarkson<br />
James T. Connerly<br />
Sanford Connerly<br />
Thomas Caldwell<br />
Nelson Carter<br />
Viley Collins<br />
Ogel Campbell<br />
Charles Campbell<br />
William Campbell<br />
Merit Cave<br />
Dudley Clark<br />
Franklin Clark<br />
William Carpenter<br />
Thomas Chandler<br />
...... Chapman<br />
A. J. Challass<br />
Milton Crews<br />
...... Clatweller<br />
Samuel Caldwell<br />
James Caldwell<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>D</b><br />
<br />
John Dickinson<br />
...... Dooley<br />
Alex Duncan<br />
Martin Duncan<br />
J. M. Doneghee<br />
James M. Downey<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>E</b><br />
<br />
James Eastin<br />
Green Edwards<br />
Moss Easley<br />
William Evans<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>F</b><br />
<br />
James Fulkerson<br />
Andrew Fenton<br />
W. H. Fawcett<br />
Thomas Farthing<br />
John Fortner<br />
Wary Fortner<br />
Charles Finley<br />
Columbus Finley<br />
Sherrad Faddis<br />
Wiley Ferguson<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>G</b><br />
<br />
James Grant<br />
John M Gordon<br />
William J. Gordon<br />
Henry Gatewood<br />
Odon Guitar<br />
Rueben Gosling<br />
Robert Galloway<br />
James Gentry<br />
Sidney Gentry<br />
Joseph Graves<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>H</b><br />
Thomas Hulen<br />
David Hulen<br />
William Hulen<br />
James Hulen<br />
B. B. Hunter<br />
Levi Hern<br />
S. T. Hart<br />
Cicero Houston<br />
John Hall<br />
George Hersh<br />
J. Hardin<br />
James Hamilton<br />
Staunton Hume<br />
L. B. Hunt<br />
Durret Hubbard<br />
John Hubbard<br />
William Hickam<br />
John Hadden<br />
James Hern<br />
Harrison Hawkins<br />
J. Harvey Hill<br />
Birch Hunt<br />
Hensly Hudson<br />
John Harris<br />
John Hopper<br />
Sidney Hopper<br />
Thomas Hancock<br />
Rice Hern<br />
Madison Hern<br />
George Hickam<br />
William Holmes<br />
M. N. Heaston<br />
George Hubbard<br />
Ambrose Hulen<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>J</b><br />
<br />
Thomas Jackson<br />
Slocumb Jackson<br />
James Jones<br />
Thomas Jones<br />
Harrison Jones<br />
Greenberry Johnson<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>K</b><br />
<br />
W. D. Kelso<br />
George W. Kimbrough Sr.<br />
George W. Kimbrough Jr.<br />
Robert Kimbrough<br />
John Kimbrough<br />
John W. Kimbrough<br />
Alex Keene<br />
Thomas Keene<br />
Charles King<br />
Henry Kite<br />
Richard Keone<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>L</b><br />
<br />
Claiborn F. Laforce<br />
Richard H Lawson<br />
John Lampton<br />
Joshua (Cap) Lampton<br />
Richard Leonard<br />
Ambrose Lythe<br />
Jacob Langston<br />
George Langston<br />
William Laforce<br />
James Langston<br />
James Lowry<br />
Franklin Lowry<br />
Perry Lynes<br />
Slater Lenoir<br />
M. J. Lamme<br />
James Little<br />
Benjamin Lane<br />
R. Lowry<br />
John Lynch<br />
Kirtley Lynch<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>M</b><br />
<br />
Isaac B. Monday<br />
Sidney Maupin<br />
Cornelius Maupin<br />
Job Marsh<br />
Orvil McCready<br />
Ed McCutchen<br />
B. McCalister<br />
William McClintock<br />
...... McMickle<br />
Joseph McDaniel<br />
John Martin<br />
Robert Martin<br />
Tyre Martin<br />
Nathan Martin Jr.<br />
James Melloway<br />
Franklin Melloway<br />
Wallace Maxwell<br />
...... McGowen<br />
Thomas C. Maupin and family<br />
...... Mead<br />
Ab Marsh<br />
Jeptha Marsh<br />
David McQuitty Jr.<br />
David McQuitty Sr.<br />
David McBride<br />
William Monroe<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>N</b><br />
<br />
B. F. Nichols<br />
Samuel Northcutt<br />
Elvin J. Nichols<br />
Amos Nichols<br />
George Nelson<br />
John Northcutt<br />
Elman Nash<br />
William Norris<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>O</b><br />
<br />
B. F. Orear<br />
William Orear<br />
J. Belt Orear<br />
Robert Orear<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>P</b><br />
<br />
Young A. Purcell<br />
Hiram Philips Jr.<br />
Augustine Philips<br />
James Pigg<br />
Thomas Parker<br />
Prather Parker<br />
Thomas Parker<br />
Thomas C Philips<br />
Thomas Palmer<br />
John G. Provines<br />
Robert R. Provines<br />
Josiah Parker<br />
Henry Parsons<br />
Bloomfield Philips<br />
W. C. Philips (Dr.)<br />
Mitchel Pulliam<br />
William Pulliam<br />
James B. Persinger<br />
Stephen Pettis<br />
Quincy Pitcher<br />
J. C. Payne (Dr.)<br />
James H. Parker<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>R</b><br />
<br />
Elcanah C. Reed<br />
...... Redderford<br />
...... Redderford<br />
John P. Royall<br />
Orace Ridgway<br />
Alonzo Richardson (Dr.)<br />
James Richardson Jr.<br />
David Richardson<br />
Wesley Rice<br />
John Rocheford<br />
Thomas Rocheford<br />
F. T. Russell<br />
John M. Robards<br />
Thomas Roleson<br />
Thomas Roberts<br />
Finley Roberts<br />
John Reed<br />
James Ryan<br />
William Ryan<br />
W. Riley<br />
John Ridgway<br />
Elijah Rogers<br />
William Reyburn<br />
James Riggs<br />
Zadoc Riggs<br />
John Riggs<br />
Samuel Rowland<br />
Thomas Rowland<br />
W. W. Rowland<br />
G. W. Roland<br />
John Rowland<br />
W. F. Roberts<br />
Charles T. Reed<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>S</b><br />
<br />
Alex Schooler<br />
Wharton Schooler<br />
Rice Schooler<br />
J. Sprinkle<br />
Caleb S. Stone<br />
T. R. H. Smith (Dr.)<br />
Job Slocumb<br />
Robert C. Slocumb<br />
...... Shackleford<br />
...... Spiers<br />
James Starke<br />
Charles Starke<br />
John Smith<br />
James Smith<br />
Alfred Slack<br />
Philip J. Selt<br />
Brown Searcy<br />
Samuel Spence<br />
B. R. M. Spence<br />
W. R. Spence<br />
James Smith<br />
John Stephens<br />
J. H. Stephens<br />
W. Smith<br />
W. South<br />
Newman Suttle<br />
Varner Skinner<br />
Thomas Short<br />
Rice Short<br />
Franklin Seymour<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>T</b><br />
<br />
----- Thomas (Dr.)<br />
James B. Tucker<br />
Jefferson Turner<br />
Thomas Turner<br />
Samuel Tuttle<br />
R. C. Threlkeld<br />
John Threlkeld<br />
G. Turner<br />
...... Tucker<br />
Thomas S. Tuttle<br />
Win Tuttle<br />
Dr. E. C. Taylor<br />
Abram N. Turner<br />
Richard Turker<br />
Mordica Turner<br />
J. R. Tiffee<br />
Jessee Turner<br />
James Turner<br />
Richard W. Turner<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>V</b><br />
<br />
William H. Victor<br />
J. D. Vanhorn<br />
John Vanlandingham<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>W</b><br />
<br />
Harvey Wright<br />
A. B. Weldon<br />
Dudley Wainscott<br />
James Wainscott<br />
Alfred Wainscott<br />
John Warnock<br />
William E. Wilson<br />
H. H. Wilkerson<br />
George S. Waters<br />
R. J. Wade<br />
Allen White<br />
Wesley Wright<br />
W. Wright<br />
Joseph Wright<br />
William White<br />
John Wade<br />
John J. Weir<br />
James Wilcoxon<br />
Hern Williams<br />
Peter J. Wright<br />
Alex Wright<br />
R. P. Waters<br />
William Wells<br />
Sampson Wilhite<br />
James M. Wilhite<br />
William Wirt<br />
James Wirt<br />
William Wiggam<br />
George Woodson<br />
Joseph Waters<br />
William Waters<br />
William Wade<br />
L. Withers<br />
Walter W. Wilson<br />
William Williams<br />
John E. Willis<br />
<br />
Whole number of emigrants whose names are published above---353."Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-87358159005094276242012-10-21T14:07:00.000-07:002012-10-21T14:07:27.089-07:00Pirates' Paradise<br />Pirates have existed since ancient times, but the most notorious reign of piracy occurred during the 1700's in the Caribbean Sea. The phenomenon was, in some ways, inevitable. Spain, England and France had sufficiently resolved long standing conflicts over territorial rights to the newly colonized region and they downsized the numbers of fighting vessels in their navies. Sailors who had sailed on the decommissioned navy ships found themselves suddenly landlocked, with no prospects for employment.<br /><br />For these men who had known only sailing as a livelihood, there was a strong lure to the sea and to piracy, as vast number of galleons and cargo ships sailed the coastal region of the Americas surrounding the Caribbean Sea, particularly the coast of South America. The straits between South Florida and the islands of the Caribbean where the Gulf Stream flows became known as the Spanish Main. Countless vessels laden with treasures of gold, silver, precious gems, spices, hardwoods, and chocolate sailed through these waters and the Caribbean became a favorite hunting ground for pirates to make their fortune.<br />
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<br /><br />However, the less known but also very active were pirates of the Far East. Among such pirates who flourished for a time in that area were Adam Baldridge, an English buccaneer turned pirate.<br /><br />Lying 250 miles off the East Coast of Africa, the beautiful tropical isle of Madagascar is a large island (slightly smaller than the state of California). It sits within striking distance of the Indian Ocean and--during the Golden Age of Piracy--the luxurious treasures of the Great Mogul in the Red Sea.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfNZVv7yOzx9ninyHZblPGcvHdP9TgUzmaHixGgbFARNbS5QPeVeD4gf-a6yh8vuwo_PmTA8BcnwI95mCwo4VpdiBC9MS0LuAvurjocE3_tFS45jG4OgRJ62-9zqt31Y63yAibKuzOrUte/s1600/pirate+map+ile-sainte-marie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfNZVv7yOzx9ninyHZblPGcvHdP9TgUzmaHixGgbFARNbS5QPeVeD4gf-a6yh8vuwo_PmTA8BcnwI95mCwo4VpdiBC9MS0LuAvurjocE3_tFS45jG4OgRJ62-9zqt31Y63yAibKuzOrUte/s320/pirate+map+ile-sainte-marie.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An old map showing Madagascar, once called St. Lawrence Island</td></tr>
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<br />Madagascar became the pivot point for pirates sailing the Pirate Round, the long, arduous journey from the Atlantic Ocean around the Cape of Good Hope to the Indian Ocean and the return home. The island had deep harbors, expansive beaches for careening vessels, freshwater springs, an abundance of citrus fruit for preventing scurvy and ample livestock to fatten the crew.<br /><br />To the pirates' delight, British warships rarely ventured east of the Cape of Good Hope and, although the East India Company's merchant ships were well-armed, their undermanned crews offered relatively no resistance to bloodthirsty pirates.<br />
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Pirates had a system of hierarchy on board their ships determining how
captured money was distributed. However, pirates were more "egalitarian"
than any other area of employment at the time. The majority of plunder was in the form of cargo and ship's equipment
with medicines the most highly prized. A vessel's doctor's chest would
be worth anywhere from £300 to £400, or around $470,000 in today's
values. Jewels were common plunder but not popular as they were hard to
sell, and pirates, unlike the public of today, had little concept of
their value. There is one case recorded where a pirate was given a large
diamond worth a great deal more than the value of the handful of small
diamonds given his crew mates as a share. He felt cheated and had it
broken up to match what they received.<br />
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Spanish pieces of eight minted in Mexico or Seville were the standard trade currency in the American colonies. However, every colony still used the monetary units of pounds, shillings and pence for bookkeeping while Spanish, German, French and Portuguese money were all standard mediums of exchange as British law prohibited the export of British silver coinage. Until the exchange rates were standardized in the late 18th century, each colony legislated its own different exchange rates. In England, 1 piece of eight was worth 4s 3d, while it was worth 8s in New York, 7s 6d in Pennsylvania and 6s 8d in Virginia. One 18th-century English shilling was worth around $58 in modern currency, so a piece of eight could be worth anywhere from $246 to $465. As such, the value of pirate plunder could vary considerably depending on who recorded it and where.<br />
<br />Ordinary seamen received a part of the plunder at the captain's
discretion but usually a single share. On average, a pirate could expect
the equivalent of a year's wages as his share from each ship captured,
while the crew of the most successful pirates would often each receive a
share valued at around £1,000 ($1.17 million) at least once in their
career.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vallar_37-1"><span></span><span></span></sup> One of the larger amounts taken from a single ship was that by Capt. Thomas Tew
from an Indian merchantman in 1692. Each ordinary seaman on his ship
received a share worth £3,000 ($3.5 million) with officers receiving
proportionally larger amounts as per the agreed shares with Tew himself
receiving 2½ shares. It is known there were actions with multiple ships
captured, where a single share was worth almost double this.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vallar_37-2"><span></span><span></span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gosse_40-0"><span></span><span></span></sup><br />
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Madagascar then became an especially prosperous pirate haven, following the successful exploits of Henry Every and Thomas Tew in the Red Sea. The island was so well-suited for the pirate fraternity that Adam Baldridge, a veteran buccaneer himself (1660?-after 1706), became one of the early founders of the pirate settlements in Madagascar.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghGWjGLVoTgUsztYY_iE-5BFbnwPCZSIDAw7SKKiu8f-bitzlBujUreZwbKu0Ty4Gb0vcvq6_qln6HDIwO_ZYu4mVY490bn2fGK1VHXgIrauoC4cNtaUQ2y3CWEE57UYIdiyI2vzAENAsb/s1600/Henry+Every.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghGWjGLVoTgUsztYY_iE-5BFbnwPCZSIDAw7SKKiu8f-bitzlBujUreZwbKu0Ty4Gb0vcvq6_qln6HDIwO_ZYu4mVY490bn2fGK1VHXgIrauoC4cNtaUQ2y3CWEE57UYIdiyI2vzAENAsb/s1600/Henry+Every.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Henry Every is shown selling his loot in this engraving by Howard Pyle. Every's capture of a Grand Mughal ship<i> </i>in 1695 stands as one of the most profitable pirate raids ever perpetrated.</td></tr>
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<br />Fleeing from Jamaica after being charged with murder, Baldridge sailed to Madagascar. When Baldridge arrived, he immediately became embroiled in an inter-clan war on the main island, and his participation earned the working capital of 70 cattle and a number of slaves. Realizing it had the best defensible harbor in the Madagascar island chain, Baldridge turned entrepreneur. <br /><br />Building a mansion that could be seen from offshore, he built huge warehouses and a 40-cannon battery of captured French and Spanish cannon to protect against rival pirates or the warships of the East India Company. He traded with anyone and everyone. Baldridge’s trading post was financed by an enterprising merchant in New York named Frederick Philipse, who had emigrated to New Amsterdam in the 1650’s as "Frederyck Flypsen," one of Peter Stuyvestant’s carpenters.<br /><br />Under the generous surrender terms offered by the English, the Dutch-born Flypsen anglicized his name and swore a simple oath of allegiance to the crown, thereby qualifying as a loyal subject with all the rights and privileges of an English citizen. He married a wealthy widow, who had been left a fortune in ships and building lots in Manhattan, and once the English annexation of New Netherland was consummated, the entire English empire was open for trade.<br /><br />Philipse built his early fortune not only by supplying English manufactured goods for the upriver Indian trade and carrying the valuable furs back downriver for shipment to England, but he was also involved in the reshipment of Virginia tobacco to England, in addition to the shipment of logwood, which came from the Yucatan.12 It is tempting to speculate on a pirate connection made from doing business with the logwood cutters of the Yucatan, most of whom were on-again/off-again pirates themselves.<br /><br />English and colonial vessels had begun importing Malagasay slaves into the West Indies, Massachusetts and New York in the 1670s as a cheaper alternative to the Royal Africa Company (RAC) monopoly on the West African coast. Extremely profitable, it cost only ten shillings in goods to purchase a Malagasay slave whereas a sum of £3 to £4 was required on the west coast of Africa, where the RAC’s slave factories tightly controlled the trade in human chattel. In the 1680s and 1690s, vessels from New York, controlled by prominent merchants like Stephan Delancey and Philipse, engaged heavily in this trade. <br /><br />In a remarkable display of entrepreneurship in the depressed 1690s, the New York merchants, aware--possibly because of the Yucatan connection--that pirates utilized Madagascar as a base, decided to supply them there. In return for liquor (rum, wine and beer), salt, guns, gunpowder, lime juice and clothing, the pirates would trade expensive textiles, drugs, spices, jewels, gold and hard currency. <br /><br />By 1685, Baldridge had established a base of operations on Île Ste. Marie [Island of St. Mary]. By the following year, Baldridge controlled the inland waterway into Ste. Marie, having established a virtual stronghold overlooking the island harbor as well as protecting the settlements' warehouses.<br /><br />In his contemporary account, Capt. Charles Johnson [1] explains how the Madagascar pirates, cognizant of native tribal enmities, overcame inferior numbers with superior firepower and forged alliances with certain local princes in order to obtain island fiefdoms for themselves. The pirates took native prisoners of war and utilized them as slaves or sold them to Baldridge, the “Pirate-King.” <br /><br />It is actually impossible to write a story of the complete life of Adam Baldridge, since nothing is known of his life before the 1690s or after the early 1700s. Of his early life and his later life, we can only guess as to his activities. Adam Baldridge was probably born in England around 1660, although some have suggested that he may have been born in New York or on the island of Jamaica. Both of these locations seem unlikely, however, as the majority of the English speaking privateers and pirates operating during this period of history in the late 1600s were born in either England or Scotland. <br /><br />In an historical record of New Castle, NJ, dated 1706, we find that a man named Adam Baldridge was listed as a donor for the construction of a Presbyterian church. Assuming that this is the same Adam Baldridge--which appears to be the case--his affiliation with a Presbyterian church suggests that Adam Baldridge was of Scottish descent or possibly even born in Scotland as was his contemporary, Capt. William Kidd.<br /><br />It is also unknown about the nature of his upbringing in England, although the fact that he could apparently read and write suggests that he was intelligent and that he might have had some schooling. Furthermore, his personality was not that of an uncouth, swashbuckling individual who we might visualize as the typical pirate.<br /><br />In fact, after his “retirement” in New York in the late 1690s, he was described by the governor of the colony as a “sober and responsible man.” This again suggests that he was not the product of the London slums and he may very well have grown up as the second or third son of a hardworking English family who felt that it was in their son’s best interest to “go off to sea.” <br /><br />It is possible if not likely, that as a teenager young Adam Baldridge joined the crew of a merchant ship or possibly a privateer. Whatever the case, the fact that by 1685 Adam Baldridge was in Jamaica strongly suggests that at some point, his career had turned to that of a privateer, pirate or slave trader.<br /><br />We also cannot help but note that he got into the business of trading with privateers, pirates, slave traders and wealthy New York merchants at precisely the right time and he got out of the business at an equally opportune time. Furthermore, despite the questionable nature of his business, he retired a wealthy man and he was never incarcerated nor hanged for the crime of piracy as were so many of his contemporaries including Capt. Kidd.<br /><br />Baldridge was the first of a number of factors sent by Philipse to Île Ste. Marie in order to stimulate colonial trade in the depressed 1690s. In Philipse’s own words, slaving was the key, “For negroes in these times will fetch thirty pounds and upwards in the head...It is by negroes that I finde my cheivest Proffitt. All other trade I look upon as by the by.”<br /><br />The trade with pirates, however, was likewise extremely profitable, and offered unique opportunities for the pineapples, bananas, coconuts, yams, oranges and lemons), rice, taro, honey, chicken, turtle, fish and beef (in the form of cattle, a pirate culinary lineage that can be traced to the Caribbean <i>boucaniers</i> of the early part of the century); bays and inlets for concealment from hostile shipping and long sloping beaches to careen their wooden ships, where the mariners cleared them of weeds and barnacles, repaired leaks and replaced timbers riddled by the Toredo worm.<br /><br />Though endowed with the natural bounty of the land and sea, the pirates who utilized Ste. Marie as a base lacked other vital necessities, most notably rum and beer, as well as manufactured goods. Philipse sent a random assortment of original cargo with Baldridge [2] and continued to regularly send supplies which were sold at premium prices, in return for Malagasy slaves, gold, diamonds, jewels, spices, silks, ivory and “pieces of eight,” the Spanish coins ubiquitous in pirate lore that were regularly circulating in the Indian Ocean trade networks.<br /><br />Baldridge was an astute businessman and he quickly saw the value in a partnership with Frederick Philipse, an international trader from New York. Philipse, a member of the governor’s council in New York, carried on a lucrative trade with pirates. He was Baldridge’s chief supplier of goods. Pirates and colonial privateers flocked to Ste. Marie to buy and sell. Pirates had to depend on Baldridge for supplies and provisions. <br /><br />Trading with pirates, particularly in North America, proved highly profitable for all parties, especially merchants, because of the many trade restrictions Britain imposed on its colonies. Colonists had to buy goods manufactured in England. They were forbidden from manufacturing them because that would have meant competition for the English providers of those goods. These Navigation Acts in essence forced reputable merchants to deal with Madagascar pirates, whom they referred to as the "Red Sea Men," in order to supply the colonists with the goods and luxuries denied them by the government. <br /><br />The public seemed to support the pirates, even though they broke the law because the pirates robbed heathens. Others, both merchants and colonists alike, publicly decried piracy, claiming it to be a cancer on the body politic, but in secret they either fenced or bought the pirates’ ill-gotten gains. When the first cargo arrived in New York, the plunder quickly disappeared and merchants made a considerable profit compared to their original cost for the goods.<br /><br />In his island fortress on Île Forbans [Forbidden Island] in the middle of the bay, Baldridge exchanged silver, silks and slaves for food, drink and women. It cost them dearly, but they paid. A bottle of rum--its normal price was 1 shilling--sold on the island for 3 pounds sterling (81 shillings). There was a constant stream of ships and men along the island's harbor and towns. Île St. Marie, like Hispaniola [Haiti] before her, would soon become the new base to outfit a ship "going on the account," to turn pirate.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoNftcBTK0g2uGfYjuCNpaFH5ucNHGtxc8Ma9aEMrRxDgzCNEOxhjjb_e-FSZo-Qn6T4svDwrrI1wFJdv8q8jxQXyOuxYDvYw7xx07lmmEyuLR7YtfGkVc1mxdOp_Mzg4YoTcuP4PXvh3n/s1600/William+Kidd+and+treasure.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoNftcBTK0g2uGfYjuCNpaFH5ucNHGtxc8Ma9aEMrRxDgzCNEOxhjjb_e-FSZo-Qn6T4svDwrrI1wFJdv8q8jxQXyOuxYDvYw7xx07lmmEyuLR7YtfGkVc1mxdOp_Mzg4YoTcuP4PXvh3n/s400/William+Kidd+and+treasure.jpeg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Capt. William Kidd visited Baldridge's island paradise in 1698. </td></tr>
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<br />The busiest years at the Baldridge’s “Pirates' Paradise” were 1694 through 1697, where sometimes as many as one-half dozen ships were moored in the inlet harbor or resting on the sandy beaches being careened by their crews. Some historians write that as many as 1,500 pirates lived full time on the island at one point, although this figure is probably greatly exaggerated.<br /><br />To the benefit of the pirate colony on Ste. Marie, a major earthquake on the island of Jamaica in 1693 destroyed the city of Port Royal. Previously to that point, Port Royal had been the main rendezvous location for pirates in the Atlantic Ocean and its destruction as well as the general demise of the piracy business in the Atlantic and Caribbean Oceans encouraged pirates to look to the Indian Ocean for more lucrative targets. Madagascar and Île Ste. Marie off its west coast were ideally suited to capture the new business.<br /><br />By the late 1690s, Baldridge's settlement had become a popular haven among pirates of the Mediterranean, with Baldridge supplying pirates in exchange for high fees. It is a matter of speculation whether he had a family while living on Ste. Marie, although he reportedly lived a luxurious and extravagant life on the island, which included his own harem of island girls, until 1697. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikV-xBfRavHNFBCOhTfFU3QCWRtokJxbNMIJKD1T8wFktyCfPeISS_TDjacgdILfM7ukD1ugq5CPdFiaJmDYXLnNcpEPd2jl39zE5D5DxDkDB1aqhxiRMAGDod6Gr2G26VU56pJvzwbPm0/s1600/Ile+Forbans.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikV-xBfRavHNFBCOhTfFU3QCWRtokJxbNMIJKD1T8wFktyCfPeISS_TDjacgdILfM7ukD1ugq5CPdFiaJmDYXLnNcpEPd2jl39zE5D5DxDkDB1aqhxiRMAGDod6Gr2G26VU56pJvzwbPm0/s1600/Ile+Forbans.jpeg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Île Forbans [Forbidden Island], Baldridge's headquarters</td></tr>
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Previously in 1697, England and France had signed a treaty of peace ending years of war. With the war over, England was no longer in need of privateers who had been commissioned to attack the enemy ships. As we mentioned earlier, the British governor of the colony of New York had been handing out commissions to privateers who he must have known were using their ships to attack all vessels regardless of the nationality of the ship. This was piracy. The governor, Benjamin Fletcher, was paid for issuing the commissions and he grew wealthy by simply looking the other way and ignoring the illegal trading.<br /><br />With the ending of the war however, the British government turned their attention to stopping piracy and the illegal trading of goods with the Americas in violation of the Navigation Acts. Gov. Fletcher was recalled to England and a new governor was sent to replace him. Shortly after the arrival of the new governor, Richard Coote, Earl of Bellomont, a major investigation of piracy began. At the same time, the wealthy merchant and slave trader, Frederick Philipse, was removed from the Board of Trade. <br /><br />Some historians believe that Adam Baldridge left Île St. Marie and his trading empire intentionally but disagree over whether he intended to return there. Some have suggested that Baldridge got greedy or that he made a colossal mistake in dealing with the natives. A more likely scenario was that he realized the immense and immediate profit he stood to gain by selling the natives into slavery. This was in his best long-term interest, especially if he foresaw the possibility that the pirate trade might be in its decline. <br /><br />With the ending of the war however, the British government turned their attention to stopping piracy and the illegal trading of goods with the Americas in violation of the Navigation Acts. Gov. Fletcher was recalled to England and a new governor was sent to replace him. Shortly after the arrival of the new governor, Richard Coote, Earl of Bellomont, a major investigation of piracy began. In a master stroke of irony, Capt. William Kidd was commissioned by Gov. Coote to "capture pirates." At the same time, the wealthy merchant and slave trader, Frederick Philipse, was removed from the Board of Trade.<br /><br />Nevertheless, Baldridge's decisions in July of 1697 also suggest a man prepared to depart. His first action was to purchase a major interest in the brigantine ship <i>Swift</i> that had stopped at Ste. Marie for trading and careening. <br /><br />His second action was the most controversial, as he then tricked many of the local natives on the island--men, women, and children--by inviting them to come out to the Swift, which was moored in the harbor and to join him in a celebration party. His crew then proceeded once the natives were on board, to haul the natives below deck, slip shackles on their wrists and chain them to the walls. They were being sold into slavery. Baldridge and the crew of the <i>Swift</i> immediately departed from the island. <br /><br />In other colonial records, we learn that his ship, the <i>Swift</i>, was reported to have run aground in March 1698, off the coast of North Carolina near the village of Currituck. When the ship was finally located by the colonial authorities, it was found abandoned but undamaged and “all provisions and stores robbed.” It is far more likely that the ship had not been robbed but, following the grounding of the ship, the pirate crew had scattered, taking with them everything on board. Whether or not Adam Baldridge was onboard when the <i>Swift</i> made its unintentional landing is unknown, although it would seem likely.<br /><br />The ship once recovered was seized by the authorities, hauled back into the sea and sailed back to the port of New York. Adam Baldridge--sometime in the middle of 1698--learned that his ship had been seized. His name is mentioned several times in the Colonial records, including in one dated 26 Nov. 1699 wherein he appealed to the Court for the return of the <i>Swift</i>.<br /><br />Unfortunately, it is unknown whether Baldridge ever recovered the <i>Swift</i>, although it appears unlikely. There was ample evidence that the vessel had been engaged in the act of piracy. What is strange however is that the colonial authorities maintained the right to hold the ship, but they were never able to arrest and convict Adam Baldridge of piracy.<br /><br />But the fact that, upon returning to New York, Baldridge tried to convince the new governor to establish Île Ste. Marie as a new colony--thereby effectively circumventing the Navigation Act--strongly suggests that he did not intentionally leave his island paradise.<br /><br />In March 1699, the Council of Trade and Plantations ordered the Colonial Governor, Lord Bellomont, to prosecute Adam Baldridge for piracy. It was after all a well known fact that he had operated the pirate trading post at Ste. Marie in Madagascar. Almost comically, however, Lord Bellomont reported back to the Council two months later that he was unable to prosecute Baldridge for want of a “good judge.” <br /><br />Apparently, all of the good judges had been or could easily be bribed and Baldridge obviously had the means to do so. In return for not being prosecuted, Adam Baldridge agreed to give his 15 May 1699 deposition and in doing so he implicated others as being guilty of piracy. According to his deposition, he learned later that the island natives in retaliation for his trickery (not his words, for he never acknowledged what he had done) killed 30 of the white men who remained on the island and burned the settlement to the ground. Although many sources indicate that Baldridge was still on the island and narrowly escaped with his life at the time of this raid, we only know that per his deposition, he had already left the Madagascar area in October 1697.<br /><br />There is some evidence that, once Adam Baldridge returned to America and discharged his problems with the New York authorities, he did not entirely give up his career as a privateer or pirate. In the Colonial Records of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia dated 12 Nov. 1703, there is recorded a discussion as to whether or not to return to New Jersey the five French prisoners captured by “Ball and Baldridge Privateer,” who had landed and discharged their prisoners in Egg Harbour, NJ. The Council decided to return the prisoners. Nothing was mentioned about the other items pirated from the French ship by “Ball and Baldridge Privateers” that were not returned.<br /><br />Another interesting observation that might suggest that Adam Baldridge, merchant, continued as a privateer/pirate was his purchase on 27 July 1699 of a 500-acre island, then named Melcum Island, located in the middle of the Delaware River off the western border of New Jersey near the village of Salem. Was Adam Baldridge trying to recreate another Île Ste. Marie for the purpose of trading his captured goods? <br /><br />We can only guess as to his motives. There is no documentation that he ever occupied the island or used it to store trading goods. What we do know is that on 28 April 1702, he sold the island which at that point had been renamed Adams Forest Island. Perhaps he had realized that his business plan was flawed. There is also a record of an Adam Baldridge purchasing a house and land in Salem, NJ, on 3 Oct. 1701 and in this record Adam is referred to as a “Salem Merchant.”<br /><br />There are obviously a lot of things about Adam Baldridge’s behavior that are unsavory. Two issues that have been discussed were his trickery of the island natives when he lured them to a party on board his ship the <i>Swift</i> and then bound them in chains and sold them into slavery and then, several years later, he informed on his compatriots in his deposition to save himself from prosecution.<br /><br />"Adam Baldridge’s first and only known marriage was to Elizabeth Buckmaster, the wife of Edward Buckmaster. Their marriage ceremony was held at the Fort of New York sometime between 7 Sept. and 8 Oct. 1699," writes C. A. Baker, family researcher. "Edward Buckmaster, who like Adam Baldridge was a pirate, was arrested as such in New York City in June of 1699. Colonial records indicate that on 25 Aug. 1699, Buckmaster escaped from prison and was not heard from again. Apparently, his wife Elizabeth thought that with her husband now out of the picture, it was reasonable for her to remarry, even if she was not officially divorced or widowed. Prior to this marriage, there is another record showing that on 2 Dec. 1684 an Edward Buckmaster married a Margaret Mathews.<br /><br />"Assuming that this is the same Edward Buckmaster, it suggests that Margaret must have died and Edward remarried to his second wife Elizabeth. We know from other records that Edward Buckmaster had a least three children born between the years 1685 and 1687. We know this because after Edward’s departure (escape), his wife Elizabeth placed all three of Edward’s children into indentureship." The first child was indentured on 7 Sept. 1699 and she signed the papers under her name Elizabeth Buckmaster. When the other two children were indentured on 9 Oct. 1699, she signed her name as Elizabeth Baldridge and, in one case, Adam Baldridge signed as a witness. <br /><br />Clearly, according to Baker, the newlywed Elizabeth Baldridge wanted to begin her marriage without the burden of taking care of the children of her former husband. It is believed that the marriage of Elizabeth and Adam Baldridge produced at least two children, then we must assume that Elizabeth was probably younger than both her first and second husbands, who were both near 40 years of age in 1699. <br /><br />"Placing young children into indentureship was not particularly common in early America. Many of the early immigrants to America arrived from England as indentured servants and their indentureship was the manner in which they paid for their passage. I suspect that parents in America who placed their children into indentureship were poor and could not afford to pay for their care. In the case of Adam and Elizabeth Baldridge, however, they were not poor--quite the opposite--and Elizabeth, probably a flighty girl in her late twenties, just did not want to care for Richard, Hannah, and Mary Buckmaster, who were all under the age of 14. Adam Baldridge, not a man of high character as we have seen, either went along with his new wife or encouraged her decision to give up the children," says Baker.<br />
<br />There are two other mentions of Adam Baldridge in the Colonial records worth noting one of which is actually a positive suggesting that perhaps as Adam got older he had mellowed. The first is a mention of Adam and Elizabeth in the will of Griffith Jones of Kent County, Delaware dated 2 May 1703. It lists in the will that his beneficiaries were “Wife: Elizabeth. Sons: Griffith and Thomas. Daughter: Elizabeth. To: Elizabeth, daughter of Adam Baldridge . . .”. It goes on to list Adam Baldridge as one of the executors of the will. Griffith Jones’ will provides us with two pieces of information. First, Adam Baldridge’s wife appears to be the daughter of Griffith and Elizabeth Jones and secondly, Adam and Elizabeth had a daughter who they named Elizabeth who was born sometime between October of 1699 and May of 1793.<br /><br />Another intriguing but unsolved mystery is who was John Jones, the man who purchased from Adam Baldridge the 500-acre island in the Delaware River. It is too much of a coincidence not to believe that he was a relative of Elizabeth Jones Baldridge. John Jones is listed as being from New Castle, DE. The latest historical document that I could locate naming Adam Baldridge was dated 1706 and it lists him in New Castle, DE, as one of the donors to a fund for the construction of a new Presbyterian Church. Hopefully by this point in his life, Adam Baldridge had settled down with his wife and children and mostly abandoned his unsavory life.<br /><br />History records the names of only two of the possible children of Adam and Elizabeth Jones Baldridge. That Elizabeth Baldridge was their daughter is pretty well documented, per the will of Griffith Jones previously mentioned. Their other child was probably a son whom they named Adam Jr. Baldridge. Unfortunately the son’s name appears only once in the Colonial records and that is in a copy of his will that was prepared on 1 Oct. 1777 in New Utrecht, Kings County, Long Island. There are no known documents that support the belief that these two men were father and son, although obviously the commonality of their names and the fact that Adam Jr. Baldridge was born in the early 1700s about the time Adam and Elizabeth Baldridge were having children suggests a relationship.<br /><br />The will of Adam Baldridge, the possible son, that was probated after his death in 1780 does provide us with the intriguing suggestion that one of Adam Jr’s sisters, possibly Elizabeth Baldridge, married a man named Abraham Collins. It appears that both men, Baldridge and Collins, lived in the western end of Long Island at some point in their lives and they must have known one another. They were also about the same age as Abraham Collins was born around 1698 and Adam Jr. Baldridge was born about 1704. What is really intriguing however was that Adam Jr. Baldridge left the bulk of his estate to the three daughters of Abraham Collins, an action that strongly suggested that there was a family relationship and not just a friendship that bound the two men together. Furthermore, the relationship between Adam Baldridge and the Collins family was long lasting, since Abraham Collins had moved to Blooming Grove in Orange Co., NY, by the 1730s and he died there in 1756.<br /><br />Additionally, the will of Adam Jr. Baldridge lists each of the Collins daughters by their married names, “I leave to Sarah Coleman, Jemina Seata [Seeley], and Elizabeth, formerly the wife of David Cameron...all of my estate," which indicates he obviously had stayed in touch with the girls after their father’s death--again suggesting that they were his nieces. <br /><br />There is one more circumstantial but compelling piece of evidence that supports the belief that Abraham Collins married a daughter of Adam (the pirate) and Elizabeth Baldridge. It has to be more than a coincidence that Abraham Collins and his wife named their first son Adam and their second daughter Elizabeth, after their grandparents. Incidentally, Adam Collins was not mentioned in Adam Jr. Baldridge’s will because he had died in 1770, seven years prior to the preparation of the will. It was a very common practice in this period of history to name children after their grandparents.<br /><br />"There is unfortunately one unsolved mystery before we can announce unequivocally that Adam Baldridge, the pirate, is the grandfather of the children of Abraham Collins, including Jemina Collins," Baker states. "On 11 Aug. 1728, the marriage of Abraham Collins to Ann Major was written into the records of the Grace Church in Jamaica, Queens County, Long Island. If this Abraham Collins is the father of Sarah, Elizabeth, and Jemina Collins, all of whom are mentioned in the 1777 will of Adam Jr. Baldridge, then we have to question the Abraham Collins’ supposed marriage to the daughter of Adam Baldridge. <br /><br />"Almost all the family trees on Ancestry.com that list Jemina Collins (1736-1770) and her sisters and brother, show that their mother was the daughter of the notorious pirate Adam Baldridge. There is a question as to whether or not the mother’s name was Sarah or Elizabeth, but no one seems to question that their father’s name was Abraham Collins and their maternal grandfather was the pirate Adam Baldridge....Jemina Collins was my 5th great grandmother and the great, great grandmother of my great grandmother Helen Rappleye Baker. Jemina Collins married Nathaniel Seeley (1732-1770) in 1752."<br /><br />Since the first daughter of Abraham Collins, Sarah Collins, is believed to have been born around 1728 close to the date of Abraham’s marriage to Ann Major, it hard to imagine that Ann Major died and Abraham Collins’ remarried all in the span of a year or less. Nevertheless, historians and genealogists in order to justify their belief that the Collins’ girls were descended from Adam Baldridge have assumed that Ann Major must have died young and Abraham remarried before any of his children were born. <br /><br />Baker writes, "Unfortunately, I could not find any records containing either a death date for an Ann Major Collins or a marriage date for an Abraham Collins marrying a woman named Baldridge. All of this clouds the issue of whether the Collins girls were descended from the pirate Baldridge which, in turns, spoils my ability to brag that I am the 7th great grandson of a 17th century Pirate. On the other hand, no one can prove that I am not descended from a pirate, so we will just leave it at that."<br /><br /><br />
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----------<br /><br /> 1. For a long time, the true identity of Capt. Johnson was believed to have been Daniel Defoe, author of <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> and <i>Captain Singleton</i> among others (<i>General History of the Pirates</i> is still indexed under “Defoe” by most libraries). Given the strong stylistic similarities and literary content, this is unsurprising, though inaccurate. Johnson’s account is now generally accepted as historical, though there is no way of verifying the veracity of the dialogue.<br />
<br /> 2. 44 pairs of shoes and pumps, “6 dozen of worsted and threed stockens”, carpenter tools, 5 barrels of rum, four casks of Madeira wine, 10 cases of spirits, 2 old stills full of holes, 1 worme, 2 grindstones, 2 cross saws, 1 whip saw, 3 jars of oil, 2 iron pots, 3 barrels of cannon powder, books, catechisms, bibles, garden seeds, and 3 doz. hoes.<br /><br />===============<br />
<br />Sources:<br /><br />Baker Family Tree: Chapter 30: <i>The Pirate Adam Baldridge</i>. http://bakerfamilytree.blogspot.com/2012/01/chapter-30-pirate-adam-baldridge.html<br /><br />Deposition of Adam Baldridge, <i>Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents.</i><br /><br />Johnson, Charles, (1724-1736) <i>A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates.</i> (intro. by David Cordingly), New York: Conway Maritime Press, 1998.<br /><br />Judd, Jacob, “Frederick Philipse and the Madagascar Trade,”<i> NYHS Quarterly</i>, Vol. LV, No. 4 (October 1971).<br /><br />McDonald, Kevin, ‘A Man of Courage and Activity’: Thomas Tew, Anglo-American Piracy, and the Manhattan to Madagascar Trade Network, 1690-1720. http://cwh.ucsc.edu/SocialBiog.MacDonald.pdf; accessed 21 Oct. 2012<br /><br />Philipse to Baldridge, 25 February, 1695, cited in Judd, p. 358.<br /><br />Platt, Virginia Bever, “The East India Company and the Madagascar Slave Trade”, <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>, 3rd Ser., Vol. 26, Issue 4 (Oct., 1969), 548-577.<br /><br />Platt, op cit., p. 550-551; Ritchie, p. 37-38; Jameson, p. 153-257; and Judd, p. 363.<br /><br />"Pirate Island." The History Channel. 21 Oct. 2012.<br /><br />Ritchie, Robert C., <i>Captain Kidd and the War Against the Pirates.</i> Cambridge,<br />Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>The Comparative Value of Money between Britain and the Colonies</i>. retrieved 21 Oct. 2012. http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCurrency/CurrencyIntros/IntroValue.html</span><br />
<br />Vallar, Cindy, Notorious Pirate Havens, Part 6: In League with Pirates. http://www.cindyvallar.com/havens6.html; accessed 21 Oct. 2012<br />
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-----, Pirate Treasure, http://www.cindyvallar.com/treasure.html; accessed 21 Oct. 2012.<br /><br />Wilczynski, Krzysztof, Golden Age Piracy. http://www.piratesinfo.com/cpi_Golden_Age_Piracy_513.asp; accessed 21 Oct. 2012<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-36697594552772370092012-06-12T23:11:00.001-07:002012-06-12T23:11:58.964-07:00Town Poor of New Haven, CT 1786After the new towns of Hamden and North Haven were set off from New Haven, CT, in 1786, an agreement was made diving the town poor between the original town and the daughters. This document is among the collections of the New Haven Colony Historical Society and the following verbatim copy has been contributed [to <i>Ancient Families of New Haven</i> by Donald Lines Jacobus] by the librarian, Miss Ethel Lord Scofield. (pp. 1535-1536)<br /><br />"At a Meeting of the several Committees appointed by the several Towns of New Haven Hamden and North Haven to make an Equal Division of the Poor Persons supported by the said Towns as belonging to them as being heretofore the Towns Poor of said New Haven & now divided to each Town according to their lists on the fifteenth Day of December A. D. 1786 the aboue Division was mde and agreeed to and the said Poor are divided and set to the several Towns as above & said Towns to take and support them accordingly--in the above division Daniel McNamarra and wife and Francis Claridge and Family are not divided but still remain a charge upon all said Towns according to their sd Lists<br /><br />Witness our Hands in New Haven<br />this 15th day of December 1786<br /><br />Samuel Bishop}<br />David Austin}<br />Timothy Jones} Comee of New Haven<br />Charles Chauncey}<br />Stephen Ball}<br /><br />Simeon Bristol}<br />John Hubbard} Comee of Hamden<br />Isaac Dickerman}<br /><br />Ephraim Humston*}<br />Samuel Mix} Comee of No Haven<br />Joshua Barns**}<br /><br />[The names should read: *Humiston; ** Barnes.]<br /><br />New Haven<br /><br />Joseph Mix and Wife ₤ 0 - 8 - 0<br />Ebenezer Wilmot 7 - 0<br />Widw Culver 4 - 0<br />Andrew Reed 6 - 0<br />Abigail Tuttle 5 - 0<br />Timothy Thomas 7 - 0<br />Widow Fry ---(?) and child 12 - 0<br />Stephen Beecher 6 - 0<br />Mrs Howes four Children 13 - 0<br />Easton Sabin 2 - 0 <br /> [Total] ₤ 3 - 10 - 0 <br /><br />Abigail Andrews<br />Sarah Thompson<br />Elizabeth Punderson<br />Thomas Sherman dec'ds Child<br />Simon King<br />Widw Ruth Gordon<br />Hannah Bingley<br />Nathan Smith<br />Jerom Smith<br />Anna Gibson<br />Widw Graham<br />Solo Townshends Wives Child<br />
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<br /><b>Hampden</b><br /><br />Widow Kimberly 0 - 6 - 0<br />Sarah Wilds 3 - 0<br />John Melone 7 - 0<br />Joel Alling 11 - 0<br />Ichabod Barns** Child 3 - 0<br />Silas Culvers Child 3 - 0<br />Margaret Doyle 3 - 0 <br /> [Total] ₤ 1 - 16 - 6 <br /><br />Andrew Ives<br />Thomas Ives<br />John Melones Wife<br />Widw Mary Potter<br />Widw Sarah H aabard (?)+<br /><br />[**Barnes; + possibly Hubbard?]<br /><br /><br /><b>North Haven</b><br /><br />Mercy Parker 0 - 4 - 0<br />Stephen Clark 5 - 0<br />Enos Blakesley 5 - 0<br />Rachel Barns** 5 - 0<br />Nancy Doyle and infant 9 - 0<br />Thankful Tuttle 1 - 0<br />Widw Fryars boy at Timo Turners 3 - 6 <br />Oliver Bradleys child 3 - 0<br />Widw Fryars boy at Jocelins 2 - 9<br /> [Total] ₤ 1 - 18 - 3 <br /><br />Caleb Turner<br />Thomas Sanford<br />Elias Forbes<br />Daniel Hotchkiss<br />Ebenezer Humistone*<br />Sarah Hunt<br /><br />[*Humiston; ** Barnes]<br /><br /><br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-11712693271470961092012-05-04T17:29:00.000-07:002012-05-04T17:29:51.221-07:00English Licenses to Crenellate: 1199-1567By Philip Davies<br /><br />{This article was previously published in <i>The Castle Studies Group Journal</i>, No. 20: 2006-7, pp. 226-245. The English spelling has been retained.}<br /><br />The serious study of castles is riddled with past assumptions, prejudices and 'theories' that have gained popular credence and move into the work of established 'fact'. Castles were erected, from the start, to be powerful symbolic buildings and through the past and in to the modern world various contemporary symbolic values has been attached to the 'fortifications' of castles and their like. The study of licences to crenellate is a particularly good example of this.<br /><br />Victorian concerns with empire and strong centralised government led to Victorian scholars describing licences to crenellate as a requirement imposed by central authority to control over-mighty lords, a view still widely stated. It should be made clear that there is no evidence whatsoever for this view. Much of what has been written about licences to crenellate was based on a few examples, often atypical, and on a misreading and misattribution of other historical documents. Very few scholars have done in depth study of the subject, the most notable is Charles Coulson. [1] <br /><br />In particular it is important to understand that the so called 'adulterine' castles of the Anarchy of Stephen were not 'unlicenced', as sometimes stated. They were 'tainted' because they had been built and used in a rebellion. A licence to crenellate was supposedly a grant that gave permission for a building to be fortified.<br />
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<br /><br />This concept may have originated in the Carolingian Empire as a way to control castle building to prevent local lords from becoming over-mighty or too strong, but in English feudal society the licence was used both by king and baron as a symbol of their status, and with "few exceptions at times of turbulence, the king's right as overlord to license was a right to grant, not to refuse, permission to crenellate" (Coulson, 1982, p 71). "In reality, no feudal or sub-feudal ruler could either in law or in practice deny to his vassal the protection by self-help fortifying which he, as lord, had failed to provide." (Coulson, 1982, p. 97 n. 10).<br /><br />It was not in reality necessary to obtain a licence to crenellate to erect a fortified building. There was "very slight chance of interference by royal officials even in so intensively governed a realm as England, but a licence was prestigious and could be had for the asking." (Coulson 1982 p 70) [2] Fortifications were not restricted by law, but the cost of building and, particularly, of providing a garrison, restricted true military castles to a very limited number anyway.<br /><br />In England licences to crenellate were granted by the Monarch; the Bishop of Durham, in his position as ruler of the Palatinate of Durham; the Earl of Chester, in his position as ruler of the Palatinate of Cheshire and after the formation of the Palatinate of Lancashire in 1351, the Duke of Lancaster.<br />
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Few documented records survive from before the thirteenth century. One of the earliest supposed licence to crenellate for which some form of reliable documentation exists is one in 1141 to Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex, made by King Stephen. This grant was repeated by Empress Matilda and named as his new castle on the Lea (<i>novum castellum super Lviam</i>), usually considered to be South Mymms. This is a retrospective 'grant' in complex charters obtained by Geoffrey at a time during the Anarchy, when he was able to dictate terms, and when he was imposing his noble status.<br /><br />Of the later surviving grants it is clear that these were not an attempt to control the major lords but were mainly granted to relatively minor knights for quite small manor houses, many of which could only have had token fortifications. Licences to crenellate were mainly symbolic representations of lordly status "castellation was the architectural expression of noble rank" (Coulson 1982, p. 72) and also "to publicly prominent ecclesiastics and lay magnates in England a licence had the extra cachet of royal recognition, acknowledgement and compliment. Unlike other royal patronage, it conferred no fiscal advantage whatever, but it was as eagerly sought by the socially ambitious as any lucrative privilege." (Coulson 1982, p 83).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_qCJ9OONSMX4VuTl452pic55JVS2qIB-XEXLmGIiQDxJcaz7tff7qsu-0gojImU1B5hzH0GjRtOtCh8fKy9pp1UDN2FDALodo3xT9YhSqnFS18E4sZuagA12Rp2lOsiLcQZau9HisJEq/s1600/Crenellate+Distribution+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_qCJ9OONSMX4VuTl452pic55JVS2qIB-XEXLmGIiQDxJcaz7tff7qsu-0gojImU1B5hzH0GjRtOtCh8fKy9pp1UDN2FDALodo3xT9YhSqnFS18E4sZuagA12Rp2lOsiLcQZau9HisJEq/s400/Crenellate+Distribution+map.jpg" width="306" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The distribution map shows the tendency for municipal licences granted to build town walls mainly to be a feature of coastal towns. Distribution is fairly random and there is certainly no evidence of a concentration of licenced "fortifications" in the Scottish march or the coast.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The building that often, but not always, resulted from these licences, which had some show of fortification, like battlements, moats and gatehouses, were also mainly symbolic, although they probably represented some defence against thieves. Coulson goes to some length to express the idea that much fortification' in ecclesiastical and lay buildings was symbolic, both for the occupants and the 'mob' they were a defence against. The gatehouse was the most powerful symbol and the strongest part of the defence, yet mobs often attacked the gatehouse, rather than simply push over a surrounding, relatively weak, precinct wall; however, the gatehouse was rarely manned enough to resist an attack anyway. <br /><br />In effect many 'defences' were like modern burglar alarms and CCTV; some are sham and even when they are not they represent more an expression of legal ownership and intent to prosecute rather than a real preventative measure. (Strong doors, good locks and fear of being caught stops thieves, alarms may help somewhat with this last psychological barrier but, of themselves, alarms do not stop thieves).<br /><br />No fee was normally charged for a licence; the handful of fees recorded are small (half a mark or a mark) [3] and are clearly to cover the bureaucratic cost of searching the records or writing the licence and not to raise money. It has been said an annual fee was required; this is due to a misinterpretation of a single reference. Most licences were issued as patent letters granted under the privy seal.<br /><br />
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~~~~~</div>
<br />Author's Notes: <br /><br />[1] Charles Coulson’s wealth of supporting evidence and profound understanding make him the most credible author on the subject.<br /><br />[2] Coulson writes, "The 'control over fortification' exercised by William Marshall and then by Hubert de Burgh during Henry III's minority, was aimed at preserving the peace (won after the battle of Lincoln in 1217), repressing war-like occupation of sensitive places and provocative fortifying by small men beyond their proper station. Illicit wartime seizures and fortifying (namely castra adulterina) had to be reversed or regulated to reassert the rule of law. There was no prejudice against seigneurial castles as such. Royal orders on the Rolls prohibiting fortifying or crenellation are very scarce after c. 1232. Interference was more likely to be due to local officiousness or resentment, but still highly rare." (1982, p. 06, n. 9)<br />
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Additonal Note:<br />
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[3] The mark was equal to 2/3 of a pound or 160 pence. English kings based their coinage system on that of Charlemagne: the pound, the shilling and the penny. A silver pound was divided into 240 pence. For hundreds of years, the silver penny was the only coin the English minted and the earliest coins contained one pennyweight of silver. Pure silver is too soft to make coins that withstand heavy use. From 1158, England adopted silver coins that were 92.5 percent silver, with the remainder consisting of base metal. The sterling standard remained in effect until 1920. <br />
<br />
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<br />Sources:<br /><br />Coulson, Charles, "Structural Symbolism in Medieval Castle Architecture" in Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Vol. 132, 1979, pp. 73-90.<br /><br /><br />Coulson, "Hierarchism in Conventual Crenellation" in Medieval Archaeology, Vol. 26, 1982, pp. 69-100.<br />
<br />
<br />
History of English Coins, accessed 4 May 20102 at http://www.ehow.com/about_5444297_history-english-coins.html#ixzz1twvcL36m.<br />
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==========</div>
<br /><br />In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes.<br /><br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-18347140202083867322012-04-30T14:33:00.000-07:002012-04-30T14:33:16.370-07:00Portage des Sioux, St. Charles Co., MOThis township, including the islands, contains about eighty square miles, and embraces the point of land lying between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. It is about twenty-two miles in length, and a little more than six miles in width at its widest part. The township, however, between the two rivers, at Portage des Sioux, is not more than two miles across.<br /><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqtq8szga9NFS7_Y2VRyugETr6ePBtzFTJR3B-UWN2QmVvwTZ8j77kwatdenOcI75VzufIwEc_vG89UDcdWo_EHg7p3SuLk88PA1jNQC-N56fFN27csNWcdndlt5igo6ziBxKZRO4KwQtj/s1600/Miss+Rvr+at+Portage+des+Sioux.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqtq8szga9NFS7_Y2VRyugETr6ePBtzFTJR3B-UWN2QmVvwTZ8j77kwatdenOcI75VzufIwEc_vG89UDcdWo_EHg7p3SuLk88PA1jNQC-N56fFN27csNWcdndlt5igo6ziBxKZRO4KwQtj/s400/Miss+Rvr+at+Portage+des+Sioux.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portage des Sioux with Mississippi River at flood; the statue is Our Lady of the Rivers</td></tr>
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The surface of the land is almost entirely level, it being what is
called "bottom" land, and is remarkably productive. The staple products
are wheat and corn. The corn grown here is of a superior quality, and is
known as the "St. Charles White," being excellent for grits and meal.
It commands, in the St. Louis market, from one to one and a half cents
more on the bushel than any other corn shipped to that city. The farmers
are in good circumstances, many of them cultivating large tracts of
land, from which they have annually gathered abundant crops which have
made them wealthy. A portion of the township is subject to overflow in
extreme high water.<br />
<br />
The forest which originally covered these bottoms were dense and luxuriant; much of it has been cleared away for farms and firewood; much of it has been cut into cordwood, sold to steamboats and shipped to St. Louis, and still the timber is not only inexhaustible, but of an excellent quality. The township has no running streams, but contains a few small lakes, the largest of which is Marais Temps Clair.<br /><br />PORTAGE DES SIOUX<br /><br />Of the early settlements in the county, perhaps Portage des Sioux retains the traces of its peculiar more closely than any other. It is only of late years that the French population, which at one time composed the entire settlement, has been broken in upon by the representatives of other blood. In the latter part of the summer of 1799, Francis Leseuer, then a resident of St. Charles, in a hunting excursion to the lakes in the prairie bottoms, visited an Indian village a short distance from the Mississippi, and in company with some of the Indians came as far as the river, where there was another Indian settlement. The neighborhood pleased him so much as a site for a village, that on his return to St. Charles a colony was organized to settle the locality. Lieut.-Gov. Delassus, then at St. Louis, made a grant of land the same fall, and a number of families, principally from St. Charles and St. Louis, erected their tents on the site of Portage des Sioux. Francis Saucier was appointed commandant, a position which he continued to hold until the change of government.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifuA5UKHAiUf4RC1NgUdUXlvppS8KtDheueSqQIc21VB6zgRapHSueTsOh5A5WPJ8s9UM3ToNOWdlCNg20y5EV43T1yWwyM2lKFrnc3emmOisr7_0Pa51GvFvzPKDNez_2W040SZ2jg-qz/s1600/prairie+at+Marais+Temps+Lake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifuA5UKHAiUf4RC1NgUdUXlvppS8KtDheueSqQIc21VB6zgRapHSueTsOh5A5WPJ8s9UM3ToNOWdlCNg20y5EV43T1yWwyM2lKFrnc3emmOisr7_0Pa51GvFvzPKDNez_2W040SZ2jg-qz/s320/prairie+at+Marais+Temps+Lake.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prairie wildlife at Marais Temps Clair Lake, Portage des Sioux</td></tr>
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The colony remained during the winter of 1799-1800, hewed timber, and in the spring built some houses. From a petition drawn in October, 1803, for a grant of "Commons," we gather the following names as the original settlers of Portage des Sioux: Francis Saucier, Francis Leseuer, Simon Lepage, Charles Hibert, Julian Roi, Augusta Clairmont, Etienne Pepin, Abraham Dumont, Louis Grand, Jaques Godefroi, Bapiste Lacroix, Brazil Picard, Patrice Roi, Joseph Guinard, Antoine Lepage, Pierre Clermont, David Eshbough, Charles Roi, Thomas Whitley, Matthew Saucier and Solomon Petit. The first white child born in the settlement was Bridget Saucier, a daughter of the commandant. She was born in March, 1800, and afterwards married Stephen De Lile [sic: Etienne Bienvenue dit De Lisle] and was living in the town in 1875.<br /><br />Portage des Sioux was formerly a celebrated stopping place for the Indians on their voyages up and down the river. Frequently the Mississippi, in front of the town, would be covered with fleets of canoes, while the village would swarm with swarthy voyageurs. During the Indian troubles the inhabitants were not molested. About 1808, however, one of the residents was killed by a drunken Indian. The assassin was at once surrendered to the whites and was taken to St. Louis, where, however, he either escaped or was set at liberty.<br /><br />The place was of some importance during the War of 1812. A force was stationed here to intercept the enemy on their way to St. Louis. Along the river below the town stood a fort, the site of which disappeared in one of the inundations of the Mississippi. There was also a block-house at the head of the island below the town.<br /><br />An Indian village, belonging to the tribe of Kickapoos, stood about two and a half miles south-west of the town; and another called Lassowris, from the name of an Indian chief, was below on the Mississippi. The treaty of peace between the United States government and the confederate tribes, who had engaged in the war under Tecumseh, the Missouri and Illinois were present in large numbers. General Clark acted in behalf of the United States government. The flat below the town was the place for holding the council.<br /><br />The name of Portage des Sioux had been given to the place by the Indians, and was adopted by the French settlers. Here the distance between the Missouri and Mississippi is scarcely two miles. Bands of Indians on their journeys were accustomed to disembark, carry their canoes across the narrow neck from one river to the other, and thus save the long journey of twenty-five miles around the point of land, which runs up from the confluence of the two rivers. For many years after the settlement of the country the old trail could be distinctly traced. Perhaps an incident, which tradition still preserves, was of service in establishing the name, particularly in reference to the tribe of Sioux.<br /><br />"The Osage Indians occupied a village on the Missouri, at or near the mouth of the Kansas. The Sioux lived on the Mississippi, above the mouth of the Des Moines. A hunting party of the Osage wandered over towards the country of the Sioux, and fell in with some hunters of that tribe, and killed one or more of their number. This greatly incensed the Sioux, and they resolved on Indian revenge. They formed a war party, fitted out a fleet of bark canoes, descended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Missouri, and ascended the latter river to the neighborhood of the Osages. Here they secreted their canoes and made a night attack upon their unsuspecting enemies, of whom they massacred a large number. Their revenge was signal, terrific and complete.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ddgVpfN0K-vXC1iwM8CmdoLhsDajriwtqYZ4cdj-EgyMQb-BKU5XFuf78pLg1GZSMZBSpTH62pRYYGp8yXxtNYO9-8ohAVXQ5jWCRonannO9wZpfIcQLWOnZiKB6WT6AgvsoWxTQrNk_/s1600/Indian+weapons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ddgVpfN0K-vXC1iwM8CmdoLhsDajriwtqYZ4cdj-EgyMQb-BKU5XFuf78pLg1GZSMZBSpTH62pRYYGp8yXxtNYO9-8ohAVXQ5jWCRonannO9wZpfIcQLWOnZiKB6WT6AgvsoWxTQrNk_/s320/Indian+weapons.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">a, scalping-knife; b, ditto, in sheath; c, d, war-clubs; e, e, tomahawks; g, whip.</td></tr>
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"The Sioux then returned to their canoes and fled, but in less time the Roderick Dhu could marshal his ready clansmen, a strong war party of Osages was formed, who, panting and thirsting for vengeance, launched their canoes upon the dark waters of the Missouri, and gave chase to their retreating foes. Both tribes were distinguished for their skill in water craft. The race was a contest for life and death. On they sped, the pursued and the pursuers. Each party employed all its skill and strength and cunning -- the fugitives prompted by the love of life and hope for escape -- the pursuers urged on by the desire for revenge and thirst for blood. The Sioux made great speed down the muddy river, but the Osages gained on them. <br /><br />"The signs of the chase freshened; neither party stopped for rest, nor flagged; on, on they sped for days, the Osages still gaining, until, in one of the long stretches of the river, they came in sight of the Sioux. A loud, wild cry of exultation from the pursuers rang out upon the welkin, and was echoed back by a shout of defiance from the Sioux. The last trial of strength and skill was now made, and every nerve strained to its utmost capacity. On they sped until a certain bend of the river concealed the fugitives from their pursuers. <br /><br />"Under this cover they soon reached a point on the Missouri, about twelve miles above its mouth and only a mile from the Mississippi, nearly opposite a point on the Mississippi where Portage des Sioux stands, and, taking advantage of this sudden turn of fortune, disembarked, withdrew their canoes from the water, and concealed themselves from their pursuers. Soon, however, the party of Osages came, noiselessly, yet swiftly as an arrow in its flight, gathering new life and fresh courage from the glimpse of a broken paddle, as it glided by them on the turbid waters, or some useless article of which the Sioux had disencumbered themselves in their flight.<br /><br />"A moment of breathless suspense, into which was crowded an age of hope and fear and anxiety, is now experienced by the fugitives as their pursuers near the place of their concealment -- another moment and their pursuers are passed and lost to view in the next curve of the river. Manitto has smiled on the Sioux--the Osages are foiled.<br /><br />"Hastily gathering up their canoes they bear them on their shoulders across the narrow portage, relaunch them on the Mississippi and resume their flight up that river, while the Osages continue down the Missouri to its mouth and then up the Mississippi. This successful strategem enabled the Sioux to gain on their pursuers some 20 or 30 miles, and secured their escape. The point where they re-embarked is the sight of Portage des Sioux, the portage of the Sioux, by which name it has ever since been known.<br /><br />"The seal of the town is a circle with two bands encircling a field, with an extended view representing a portion of that plane of country immediately above the junction of the rivers. The "armorial chievement" is simple, yet highly suggestive, and commemorates the incident above related. It consists of a party of Sioux with canoes on their shoulders, courant, comme le diable, and is surrounded with the words "Seal of the town of Portage des Sioux." [1]<br /><br />Ebenezer Ayers came from one of the Eastern States and settled on what is known as "the point" in St. Charles county at a very early date. He built the first horse-mill in that region of country. He was also a large fruit grower, and made a great deal of butter and cheese. He lived in a large, red house, in which the first Protestant sermon in "the point" was preached. In 1804 he and James Flaugherty and John Woods were appointed justices of the peace for St. Charles district, being the first under the American government. Mr. Ayers had four children, one son and three daughters. Two of the latter died before they were grown. The son, Ebenezer Davenport Ayers, married Louisiana Overall, and settled where Davenport, Iowa, now stands, the town being named for him. His surviving sister, Hester Ayers, married Anthony C. Palmer, who was a ranger in the company commanded by Capt. James Callaway. Mr. Palmer was afterward elected sheriff of the county, and served one term. He had a good education, was an excellent scribe, and taught school a number of years.<br /><br />Samuel Griffith, of New York, settled on the point below St. Charles in 1795. He was therefore one of the very first American settlers in the present limits of the State of Missouri. Daniel M. Boone had been here previous to this arrival, and the rest of the Boone family must have come about the same time that Mr. Griffith did. They all came the same year at any rate. Mr. Griffith was married in North Carolina, and had four children: Daniel A., Asa, Mary and Sarah. Daniel A. married Matilda McKnight, and they had five children. Asa married Elizabeth Johnson; they had five children. Mary married Wilson Overall, and Sarah married Foster McKnight.<br /><br />Alexander Garvin, of Pennsylvania, married Amy Mallerson, and settled in St. Charles county, Mo., in 1819. His cabin was built of poles, and was only 16x18 feet in size, covered with linden bark weighted down with poles. The chimney was composed of sticks and mud. The house was built in one day, and they moved into it the next. Mr. Garvin and his wife had seven children: Amy, Margaret, Permelia, Alexander, Jane R., Julia A. and Fannie D. Amy, Julia and Permilia all died single. Margaret was married first to Thomas Lindsay, and after his death she married Joles Dolby, and is now a widow again. Alexander married Elizabeth Boyd. Jane R. married Robert Bowles. Fannie D. married Robert Roberts.<br /><br />[1] Atlas Map of St. Charles County.<br /><br />--from The History of St. Charles County, Missouri, p. 261-281<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-89147658900578423872012-04-27T13:24:00.000-07:002012-04-27T14:54:30.412-07:001783 Kaskaskia [IL] Census<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409940466505914945.post-47244978455177886382012-02-14T11:49:00.000-08:002012-02-17T14:17:23.872-08:00Intermarriages Among Harlem Pioneer FamiliesAt the beginning of the 18th century, the little isolated community of Harlem consisted of half a hundred homes. The small two-story Dutch homes generally sheltered each a half-score or more of sturdy youngsters. "Intermarriage," says Riker, "among the resident families was the rule, and he was thought a bold swain truly who ventured beyond the pale of the community to woo a mate." <br />
<br />
This simple, natural practice of marrying among neighbors was fraught with consequences not to be foreseen by the 30 families who constituted the village of Harlem two centuries ago. As a matter of fact, all--or very nearly all--of those who today bear the names of the 23 original patentees of Harlem and the 700-800 hundred others of different surnames who later married into these families are knit together by ties of kinship of which few are aware.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhypoKrONml3ZF3IKNKwPJRJv-wygttLmsOlgJwgWlDp-w7K3Kjrpq8bSaPj_31DCZuBZckM7fwwD1q5GBSrPAmJQ36Co4yb3PM7_2_y8EHdXcK_ANHpqPS-Wqn_JNhU3ZBzFnoA_uRR6fR/s1600/Dutch+wedding+tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhypoKrONml3ZF3IKNKwPJRJv-wygttLmsOlgJwgWlDp-w7K3Kjrpq8bSaPj_31DCZuBZckM7fwwD1q5GBSrPAmJQ36Co4yb3PM7_2_y8EHdXcK_ANHpqPS-Wqn_JNhU3ZBzFnoA_uRR6fR/s200/Dutch+wedding+tree.jpg" width="162" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The wish tree is originally a Dutch wedding tradition. Guests wrote a message or wish on a note and hung it on the tree, which was then to bring the wishes to life.</td></tr>
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The children and grandchildren of the patentees were nearly all cousins. Some 250-300 children and grandchildren of the original settlers were all closely bound by ties of blood relationship. Fifty years after the village was settled, or about the end of the first quarter of the 18th century, there was scarcely one of the families of the patentees who was not related to every other of the 25 or 30 families who first settled the village and they were not further removed than the fourth degree. <br />
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The following list of intermarriages of the children of the patentees may interest some of their descendants: <br />
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Of the <b>Waldron</b> family, Resolved Waldron had four daughters. Aeltje married Johannes Vermilye; Rebecca married first Jan Nagel and afterwards Jan Dyckman; Ruth married first Jan Delamater and afterwards Hendrick Bogert; Cornelia married Peter Oblinus. Their brother Johannes married Anna Van Dalsen. These marriages resulted in ties of close kinship between the seven families of Waldron, Nagel, Dyckman, Vermilye, Oblinus, Delamater and Bogert.<br />
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Of the <b>Bussing</b> family, Arent Harmanse Bussing, the patentee, married Susan, the daughter of Jan Delamater. His son Peter married Rebecca, daughter of Johannes and Aeltje Waldron Vermilye. John and Margaret Bussing married, respectively, a daughter and son of Cornelis Jansen Kortright. Elizabeth Bussing married Matthew Benson and Engeltje married Abraham Meyer. Of Peter Bussing and Rebecca Vermilye's four children, two married Bensons and two Meyers/Myers. <br />
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Of the <b>Dyckman</b> family, Jan Dyckman married first, Madeleine, the daughter of Daniel Tourneur, and after her death, as already mentioned, Rebecca Waldron, who was at the time of her second marriage the widow of Jan Nagel. Jan Dyckman's son Jan married his cousin Deborah Nagel, while his sister Magdalena married Deborah Nagel's brother, Jan Nagel II. Jacob Dyckman married Jannetje Kiersen; Sarah married {text missing here}; sister Rebecca married Joseph Hadley, and their daughter Mehitabel Hadley married her cousin Isaac Vermilye. <br />
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Of the <b>Meyer/Myer</b> family, Adolph Myer married Maria, the daughter of Johannes Verveelen, and their children married respectively into the Van Dalsen, Benson, Bussing, Waldron, Lent and Haringh/Haring families; while their grandchildren married into the Dyckman, Waldron, Bussing, Delamater and Kortright families. <br />
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Of the <b>Vermilye</b> family, Johannes Vermilye's daughters--besides Rebecca, who married Peter Bussing--Maria married Peter Kiersen; Sarah married Teunis Van Dalsen; and Hannah married Jonathan Odell, the great-great-grandfather of one of New York's governors. And in the two following generations of the Odell and Vermilye families and the Dyckman family, there were no less than ten intermarriages of cousins belonging to the three families. Aeltje Vermilye, a granddaughter of Johannes and Aeltje Waldron, married John Kortright.<br />
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Maria Vermilye, sister of Capt. Johannes, the patentee, became the second wife of Jean de la Montagne and her children married into the Bogert, Bussing and Kortright families. Nicasius de la Montagne, the son of Jean de la Montagne by his first wife Rachel De Forest, married Christina Roosevelt.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVtMTXI1s7ZDTjc3HGsr4FOtnGgUmuXdBsxEkmqWWC73tYrZjJY0c_SZc4_x2S5HnbLdUH0N7Gyavp4xqZxHIPDJggS4UIaRnlyEhUbLmdecLjSI7SgACewxHHZcj_6bryaU2EZf9NUg7U/s1600/Dutch+wedding+cup+trouwbeker.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVtMTXI1s7ZDTjc3HGsr4FOtnGgUmuXdBsxEkmqWWC73tYrZjJY0c_SZc4_x2S5HnbLdUH0N7Gyavp4xqZxHIPDJggS4UIaRnlyEhUbLmdecLjSI7SgACewxHHZcj_6bryaU2EZf9NUg7U/s320/Dutch+wedding+cup+trouwbeker.png" width="166" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Dutch <i>trouwbeker</i>, or wedding cup, from which the bride and groom drank</td></tr>
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Of the <b>Tourneur</b> family, Daniel Tourneur's children married into the Kortright, Oblinus, Dyckman and DeVoe families, while his grandson Jacobus married a granddaughter of Laurens Jansen Low.<br />
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Of the <b>Verveleen</b> family, in addition to the connection by marriage between the Verveelen and Meyer families, already noted, there is that established by the two grandchildren of the old ferryman, Johannes Verveelen. Bernardus and Jacobus married, the one a Delamater and the other a Nagel. <br />
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Of the <b>Bogert</b> family, Jan Louwe Bogert's two daughters, Margaret and Cornelia, married a Haring and a Quackenbos {Quackenbush} respectively, while his granddaughter Jannetje became a Waldron and his great-grand-daughter Anna married Jacobus Roosevelt. <br />
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Of the <b>Nagel</b> family, Jan Nagel and Rebecca Waldron had a son Jan, who married his cousin, Magdalena Dyckman. Another son, Barent, married Jannetje Kiersen and a daughter, Johannes {sic: Johanna} became the wife of William Waldron. Sarah, their granddaughter, married Peter Oblinus, and her sister Deborah married Benjamin Waldron.<br />
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Of the <b>Brevoort</b> family, Jan Hendricus Brevoort's grandson Hendricus married a Delamater; William Haldron's grandson Cornells married Anetje Meyer and Jan Kiersen's daughter Jannetje married Jacob Dyckman. <br />
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Of the <b>Oblinus</b> family, Joost Oblinus' daughter married Isaac Vermilye and his grandchildren married respectively into the Nagel, Tourneur and DeVoe families. The children and grandchildren of Laurens Jansen Low intermarried with the Bogert, Delamater, Tourneur, Oblinus and Meyer families; and those of Cornelis Jan Kortright into the Dyckman, Benson, Bussing, Quackenbos {Quackenbush}, Delamater, Meyer and Vermilye families.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAitbQCNOl9EhEr8vgbAlaZ3GvtRuSIgGMt2cJci3kdCbMXLhte1imn2ZoasZNHrvW67VuK38q4Kb12Mt_q4RPmdMkGP1igE2zlmSxl_YyzUGmQViYGRppWMuWMDXUyK5uUhSOqh0yMtZi/s1600/Dutch+wedding+wooden+shoes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAitbQCNOl9EhEr8vgbAlaZ3GvtRuSIgGMt2cJci3kdCbMXLhte1imn2ZoasZNHrvW67VuK38q4Kb12Mt_q4RPmdMkGP1igE2zlmSxl_YyzUGmQViYGRppWMuWMDXUyK5uUhSOqh0yMtZi/s200/Dutch+wedding+wooden+shoes.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dutch wedding wooden shoes</td></tr>
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Source:<br />
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{edited slightly by Madehlinne}<br />
<br />
Pierce, Carl Horton, William Pennington Toler and Harmon De Pau Nutting,<i> New Harlem past and present: the story of an amazing civic wrong, now at last to be righted </i>(New Harlem Printing Co., 1903)Maddiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07487954081789407011noreply@blogger.com0